1 00:00:04,910 --> 00:00:02,810 nope hello everybody and welcome to this 2 00:00:07,730 --> 00:00:04,920 week's Hubbell hangout my name is Tony 3 00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:07,740 Darnell and I am your host for this I 4 00:00:10,549 --> 00:00:09,210 think is one of one of our better 5 00:00:11,209 --> 00:00:10,559 hangouts we got a really exciting one 6 00:00:12,799 --> 00:00:11,219 planned for you 7 00:00:14,150 --> 00:00:12,809 you know I say that but you know every 8 00:00:15,560 --> 00:00:14,160 week they're all great aren't they I 9 00:00:17,779 --> 00:00:15,570 mean I think all of our Hubbell hangouts 10 00:00:19,519 --> 00:00:17,789 are awesome so this week we're going to 11 00:00:21,890 --> 00:00:19,529 be talking with astronomers who've used 12 00:00:24,259 --> 00:00:21,900 data from the Kepler space telescope to 13 00:00:26,060 --> 00:00:24,269 discover the precursor of or have 14 00:00:28,820 --> 00:00:26,070 observed for the first time a precursor 15 00:00:30,769 --> 00:00:28,830 of a supernova in Kepler data and we're 16 00:00:33,020 --> 00:00:30,779 going to talk about why that's important 17 00:00:35,569 --> 00:00:33,030 what they did and what kind how they use 18 00:00:37,250 --> 00:00:35,579 the Kepler data itself to to find these 19 00:00:39,440 --> 00:00:37,260 things because this is also something 20 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:39,450 that is very important in astronomy 21 00:00:44,510 --> 00:00:41,610 these days using archives to do science 22 00:00:46,190 --> 00:00:44,520 and research so an international science 23 00:00:48,920 --> 00:00:46,200 team which is led by dr. Peter garnet 24 00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:48,930 ovitch at the she at the University of 25 00:00:54,319 --> 00:00:52,620 Notre Dame in Indiana they led the team 26 00:00:56,660 --> 00:00:54,329 that captured and analyzed light from 27 00:00:59,000 --> 00:00:56,670 Kepler over a three-year period that 28 00:01:01,760 --> 00:00:59,010 studied 500 distant galaxies searching 29 00:01:03,979 --> 00:01:01,770 some 50 trillion stars and they were 30 00:01:06,410 --> 00:01:03,989 hunting for signs of this stellar death 31 00:01:08,330 --> 00:01:06,420 explosion known as supernovae and I read 32 00:01:09,620 --> 00:01:08,340 that straight from the press release 33 00:01:11,030 --> 00:01:09,630 because I wanted to get it right so 34 00:01:15,320 --> 00:01:11,040 anyway we're going to tell him with 35 00:01:18,050 --> 00:01:15,330 Peter as well as his colleague from 36 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:18,060 Australia who went through a lot of 37 00:01:21,920 --> 00:01:19,770 trouble to be with us here today so he's 38 00:01:25,760 --> 00:01:21,930 gotten up very early in the morning or 39 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:25,770 Brad is 5 o'clock in the morning before 40 00:01:29,870 --> 00:01:27,570 I introduce you properly I have to say 41 00:01:33,020 --> 00:01:29,880 hello to my co-host dr. Carol Christian 42 00:01:34,999 --> 00:01:33,030 the HST that's Hubble Space Telescope 43 00:01:37,219 --> 00:01:35,009 for anybody who doesn't know I'll reach 44 00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:37,229 out scientists I Carol it's good to see 45 00:01:40,580 --> 00:01:37,770 you again 46 00:01:43,310 --> 00:01:40,590 hey Tony how are you I'm really good and 47 00:01:44,389 --> 00:01:43,320 also Scott Lewis the he's Hamming all 48 00:01:46,429 --> 00:01:44,399 the social media and driving the 49 00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:46,439 internet and handling our comments and 50 00:01:49,999 --> 00:01:48,570 interacting and posting on social media 51 00:01:53,410 --> 00:01:50,009 so hi Scott it's good to see you how are 52 00:01:57,139 --> 00:01:53,420 you doing I am getting over the plague 53 00:01:59,569 --> 00:01:57,149 thank you big your reasoning out here in 54 00:02:02,480 --> 00:01:59,579 Los Angeles it's underneath space 55 00:02:04,609 --> 00:02:02,490 shuttle Endeavour we had a blast hung 56 00:02:06,039 --> 00:02:04,619 out with Buzz Aldrin and Sam Chris 57 00:02:09,440 --> 00:02:06,049 Bradley 58 00:02:11,930 --> 00:02:09,450 you know he was there also I got to hang 59 00:02:16,370 --> 00:02:11,940 out with Robert Picardo 60 00:02:17,930 --> 00:02:16,380 better known as the doctor yeah but he's 61 00:02:19,810 --> 00:02:17,940 also working with the planet Church 62 00:02:22,310 --> 00:02:19,820 society so we had a really good night 63 00:02:27,020 --> 00:02:22,320 thousands of people there and I got all 64 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:27,030 their germs so that's worse than being 65 00:02:32,420 --> 00:02:30,090 on an airplane for yeah it's yeah it's 66 00:02:37,010 --> 00:02:32,430 like being at a super super conference 67 00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:37,020 in a very close combined space oh so 68 00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:38,970 that's what space travel would be like 69 00:02:47,060 --> 00:02:43,530 yeah all of all the nerd germs going 70 00:02:49,010 --> 00:02:47,070 around and around and around on jalisa 71 00:02:50,450 --> 00:02:49,020 terms oh geez 72 00:02:53,000 --> 00:02:50,460 well I didn't see some of your Facebook 73 00:02:54,740 --> 00:02:53,010 postings and was okay so I was jealous 74 00:02:56,630 --> 00:02:54,750 but that's okay that's fine all right 75 00:03:06,080 --> 00:02:56,640 it's okay next time I'll call you you 76 00:03:08,210 --> 00:03:06,090 know we we don't have lives we actually 77 00:03:08,510 --> 00:03:08,220 don't have lives but we've gotta lose in 78 00:03:11,630 --> 00:03:08,520 LA 79 00:03:14,420 --> 00:03:11,640 is it you know I'm just but it was for 80 00:03:17,330 --> 00:03:14,430 science so they're also with my JPL 81 00:03:19,760 --> 00:03:17,340 friends so way to boost their up there 82 00:03:22,580 --> 00:03:19,770 so it was great we had a lot of fun 83 00:03:25,270 --> 00:03:22,590 doing science but also partying in 84 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:25,280 apparently that's the part I saw but I 85 00:03:35,480 --> 00:03:28,410 mean let's be honest here we all know 86 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:35,490 what competition well this particular 87 00:03:39,790 --> 00:03:37,890 Yuri's Night was kind of kind of a big 88 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:39,800 one anyway because you guys saw that 89 00:03:44,620 --> 00:03:42,450 breakthrough starshot announcement by 90 00:03:48,260 --> 00:03:44,630 that Russian millionaire billionaire 91 00:03:52,660 --> 00:03:48,270 gonna send little tiny probes to us to 92 00:03:54,770 --> 00:03:52,670 stars and and that back yeah here's 93 00:03:58,460 --> 00:03:54,780 Stephen Hawking and everybody and 94 00:04:00,380 --> 00:03:58,470 animate made kind of a big splash so I 95 00:04:02,420 --> 00:04:00,390 don't know I didn't see that coming that 96 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:02,430 sort of came out of nowhere for me so I 97 00:04:14,980 --> 00:04:03,810 don't know I don't know anything about 98 00:04:20,330 --> 00:04:18,800 yeah really seriously we can probably 99 00:04:25,460 --> 00:04:20,340 think of other stuff to do with that 100 00:04:25,820 --> 00:04:25,470 money but whatever okay so onto Kepler 101 00:04:28,370 --> 00:04:25,830 so 102 00:04:30,950 --> 00:04:28,380 we want the whole point of these 103 00:04:33,589 --> 00:04:30,960 hangouts folks is to bring the latest 104 00:04:36,439 --> 00:04:33,599 science from Hubble and its sister 105 00:04:37,730 --> 00:04:36,449 missions to you directly and you can 106 00:04:39,260 --> 00:04:37,740 interact and talk with some of the 107 00:04:40,969 --> 00:04:39,270 science some of the scientists who are 108 00:04:43,189 --> 00:04:40,979 doing the research so we want your 109 00:04:44,870 --> 00:04:43,199 questions we want your comments and so 110 00:04:46,279 --> 00:04:44,880 we hope you'll take some time during 111 00:04:48,589 --> 00:04:46,289 this hangout to share with us your 112 00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:48,599 feelings your questions and we'll get to 113 00:04:52,249 --> 00:04:50,490 them but but you need to know how so 114 00:04:54,409 --> 00:04:52,259 Scott why don't you tell people how they 115 00:04:55,850 --> 00:04:54,419 can interact with us well the best way 116 00:04:57,740 --> 00:04:55,860 to interact with us is where I'm seeing 117 00:04:59,960 --> 00:04:57,750 a bunch of people already is in the 118 00:05:02,960 --> 00:04:59,970 YouTube live chat so since we're using 119 00:05:04,850 --> 00:05:02,970 the YouTube live event you can interact 120 00:05:06,230 --> 00:05:04,860 with other people watching the show as 121 00:05:07,760 --> 00:05:06,240 we're doing it live you can ask 122 00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:07,770 questions and I'll be going through 123 00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:10,770 there locking people if I need to which 124 00:05:17,390 --> 00:05:13,050 unfortunately I have so let's try to 125 00:05:19,850 --> 00:05:17,400 keep it on topic but ask us some 126 00:05:21,559 --> 00:05:19,860 questions regarding the the data on on 127 00:05:24,110 --> 00:05:21,569 this Hubble hangout or anything 128 00:05:26,749 --> 00:05:24,120 regarding what we're talking about here 129 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:26,759 with detecting the the supernova also 130 00:05:31,249 --> 00:05:29,250 we're having the conversation over on 131 00:05:33,980 --> 00:05:31,259 twitter using the hashtag Hubble hangout 132 00:05:36,469 --> 00:05:33,990 so I am live tweeting will be sharing 133 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:36,479 out some of the imagery and the graphics 134 00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:38,250 that go along with today's hangout any 135 00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:40,320 questions use that hashtag and we'll get 136 00:05:45,110 --> 00:05:42,930 back to you other ways to is we have the 137 00:05:47,450 --> 00:05:45,120 event so opened on Facebook and Google+ 138 00:05:48,740 --> 00:05:47,460 so if you do have comments there I will 139 00:05:50,629 --> 00:05:48,750 be going through and taking a look at 140 00:05:52,820 --> 00:05:50,639 them but the the best and easiest way is 141 00:05:55,879 --> 00:05:52,830 on Twitter and directly here on YouTube 142 00:06:05,779 --> 00:05:55,889 uh Scott I just want to say I'm really 143 00:06:07,730 --> 00:06:05,789 glad you know if you need to make a 144 00:06:09,589 --> 00:06:07,740 last-minute phone call late at night is 145 00:06:15,140 --> 00:06:09,599 a three-hour time difference between you 146 00:06:16,430 --> 00:06:15,150 and me I'm still awake alright so yes 147 00:06:19,010 --> 00:06:16,440 and what will happen is Scott's really 148 00:06:21,050 --> 00:06:19,020 good about posting all the relevant 149 00:06:22,999 --> 00:06:21,060 things into a this chat window that we 150 00:06:24,469 --> 00:06:23,009 can see that helps me to get to your 151 00:06:26,719 --> 00:06:24,479 comments so we will get to all of them 152 00:06:28,430 --> 00:06:26,729 as soon as there is if that when there's 153 00:06:30,230 --> 00:06:28,440 time and so please let us have it 154 00:06:31,939 --> 00:06:30,240 bring it on we want to see it so let me 155 00:06:33,860 --> 00:06:31,949 introduce our guests today these are a 156 00:06:35,689 --> 00:06:33,870 couple of astronomers who have been 157 00:06:39,500 --> 00:06:35,699 combing through Kepler data oh I have 158 00:06:43,130 --> 00:06:39,510 with me dr. dr. Peter Gunn 159 00:06:44,570 --> 00:06:43,140 and he is he's the like I said an 160 00:06:46,220 --> 00:06:44,580 astrophysics professor at the University 161 00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:46,230 of Notre Dame and we went through this 162 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:49,170 also joining me is dr. Brad Tucker he is 163 00:06:54,020 --> 00:06:51,330 a I forgot to ask you before we started 164 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:54,030 are you a postdoc an associate professor 165 00:06:58,610 --> 00:06:56,610 what are you doing Don I'm a research 166 00:07:00,340 --> 00:06:58,620 fellow Australia you just kind of do 167 00:07:04,250 --> 00:07:00,350 science until you get a permanent job 168 00:07:10,340 --> 00:07:04,260 okay the science you weren't down in 169 00:07:14,120 --> 00:07:12,020 oh and I just want to give a shout out 170 00:07:20,650 --> 00:07:14,130 to Notre Dame my brother went to Notre 171 00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:25,810 I know it's Notre Dame and I'm not even 172 00:07:48,650 --> 00:07:29,220 I'm not gonna show you that green stuff 173 00:07:55,010 --> 00:07:48,660 I have everywhere Notre Dame that means 174 00:07:56,270 --> 00:07:55,020 right Notre Dame okay so so so Peter 175 00:07:57,500 --> 00:07:56,280 let's start with you give us some a 176 00:08:00,080 --> 00:07:57,510 little background on what you were 177 00:08:01,670 --> 00:08:00,090 trying to do what your what your main 178 00:08:06,890 --> 00:08:01,680 interest was studying in and what you 179 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:06,900 found using Kepler data so Kepler really 180 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:09,930 was designed to look for planets so it 181 00:08:14,840 --> 00:08:12,450 would focus on stars in our galaxy and 182 00:08:18,380 --> 00:08:14,850 look for little dips as planets went in 183 00:08:21,110 --> 00:08:18,390 front but it focused on about a hundred 184 00:08:23,720 --> 00:08:21,120 square degrees on the sky and people who 185 00:08:25,550 --> 00:08:23,730 study supernovas like Brad and I thought 186 00:08:27,890 --> 00:08:25,560 you know there are galaxies in that 187 00:08:31,310 --> 00:08:27,900 field as well and we can look at those 188 00:08:34,070 --> 00:08:31,320 galaxies and just wait and hope that a 189 00:08:36,409 --> 00:08:34,080 supernova will go off and our initial 190 00:08:39,380 --> 00:08:36,419 proposals were kind of modest we we 191 00:08:43,070 --> 00:08:39,390 asked for about a hundred galaxies to 192 00:08:45,590 --> 00:08:43,080 follow and then rule of thumb is you get 193 00:08:47,420 --> 00:08:45,600 a bout of supernovae every hundred years 194 00:08:50,170 --> 00:08:47,430 in a galaxy so we thought we would get 195 00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:50,180 me one supernova per year in our 196 00:08:54,110 --> 00:08:51,810 proposals 197 00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:54,120 so I have a quote I have a question 198 00:08:59,090 --> 00:08:55,410 because I remember because we have the 199 00:09:02,210 --> 00:08:59,100 archived data for Kepler so initially 200 00:09:05,179 --> 00:09:02,220 that opportunity was not open to the 201 00:09:08,329 --> 00:09:05,189 community right so at first that that 202 00:09:10,069 --> 00:09:08,339 and then there was a Geo program or 203 00:09:13,009 --> 00:09:10,079 something and then at that time you 204 00:09:15,559 --> 00:09:13,019 could request specific things to look at 205 00:09:18,769 --> 00:09:15,569 is that how it worked yeah so I think by 206 00:09:20,569 --> 00:09:18,779 the second cycle there was a Geo program 207 00:09:23,119 --> 00:09:20,579 and we could we could ask for whatever 208 00:09:25,939 --> 00:09:23,129 pixels were remaining because although 209 00:09:26,960 --> 00:09:25,949 it has a hundred square degree field the 210 00:09:29,629 --> 00:09:26,970 number of pixels that can actually 211 00:09:32,239 --> 00:09:29,639 download and send to the earth is is 212 00:09:34,369 --> 00:09:32,249 much much smaller than that so it's real 213 00:09:36,110 --> 00:09:34,379 that's right and so they had picked out 214 00:09:38,629 --> 00:09:36,120 the stars they wanted to monitor and 215 00:09:40,460 --> 00:09:38,639 then they said okay now you some of you 216 00:09:45,199 --> 00:09:40,470 can have the other pixels right there 217 00:09:47,090 --> 00:09:45,209 are like a thousand other stars or other 218 00:09:47,749 --> 00:09:47,100 objects you could you could download as 219 00:09:51,530 --> 00:09:47,759 well 220 00:09:54,439 --> 00:09:51,540 there was a competitive okay call for 221 00:09:59,569 --> 00:09:54,449 that and and so we put in a proposal and 222 00:10:02,240 --> 00:09:59,579 we got our hundred galaxies and so in 223 00:10:05,179 --> 00:10:02,250 parallel and unknown to us Brad and I 224 00:10:06,350 --> 00:10:05,189 were on this original proposal there was 225 00:10:09,170 --> 00:10:06,360 a group at the University of Maryland 226 00:10:11,650 --> 00:10:09,180 that was interested in a GN active 227 00:10:14,629 --> 00:10:11,660 galactic nuclei these are accreting 228 00:10:16,970 --> 00:10:14,639 supermassive black holes and they 229 00:10:19,179 --> 00:10:16,980 produced variability in the cores of 230 00:10:21,980 --> 00:10:19,189 galaxies and they wanted to study this 231 00:10:24,860 --> 00:10:21,990 with with Kepler so they actually put in 232 00:10:27,139 --> 00:10:24,870 four times more galaxies and we did we 233 00:10:28,939 --> 00:10:27,149 were kind of a little tentative and they 234 00:10:31,999 --> 00:10:28,949 thought all this go all out and we'll do 235 00:10:34,850 --> 00:10:32,009 400 galaxies so in the end we combined 236 00:10:37,189 --> 00:10:34,860 all our galaxies together and they ended 237 00:10:38,990 --> 00:10:37,199 up finding supernovae in their galaxies 238 00:10:41,740 --> 00:10:39,000 we didn't find any supernovae in our 239 00:10:45,230 --> 00:10:41,750 galaxies but it all worked out well we 240 00:10:49,970 --> 00:10:45,240 collaborated on this whole thing and not 241 00:10:51,110 --> 00:10:49,980 only are we having these core collapse 242 00:10:53,720 --> 00:10:51,120 supernovae that we're talking about 243 00:10:55,790 --> 00:10:53,730 today but we had three type 1a 244 00:10:59,509 --> 00:10:55,800 supernovae thermonuclear explosions that 245 00:11:02,179 --> 00:10:59,519 we we published last year so we actually 246 00:11:03,590 --> 00:11:02,189 have tons of supernovas then type 1 i:r 247 00:11:04,910 --> 00:11:03,600 these standard candles we've talked 248 00:11:06,620 --> 00:11:04,920 about many times before 249 00:11:08,509 --> 00:11:06,630 and other hangouts well I just want to 250 00:11:11,240 --> 00:11:08,519 point out though that what one of the 251 00:11:14,870 --> 00:11:11,250 the largest benefits and one of the 252 00:11:18,379 --> 00:11:14,880 biggest things that Kepler data gives us 253 00:11:20,930 --> 00:11:18,389 is this time sequence of observations 254 00:11:22,400 --> 00:11:20,940 one of the because it looks in only one 255 00:11:24,650 --> 00:11:22,410 area of the sky this is toward the 256 00:11:27,829 --> 00:11:24,660 constellation Cygnus and studying these 257 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:27,839 stars 160,000 some oddities and careless 258 00:11:31,280 --> 00:11:29,010 pointed this out another hangouts and 259 00:11:33,110 --> 00:11:31,290 another venues where you need a time 260 00:11:35,480 --> 00:11:33,120 series of the same you need a lot of 261 00:11:37,519 --> 00:11:35,490 observations of the same thing to 262 00:11:38,960 --> 00:11:37,529 capture these dips and brightness as the 263 00:11:41,689 --> 00:11:38,970 planet moves in front of its host star 264 00:11:43,879 --> 00:11:41,699 but that and as Peter just pointed out 265 00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:43,889 we can also that lends itself to other 266 00:11:49,310 --> 00:11:46,410 kinds of science where you need a lot of 267 00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:49,320 images in sequence and so Kepler takes 268 00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:51,810 and so if there was one blip in 269 00:11:57,519 --> 00:11:53,670 brightness you could write a paper on 270 00:12:00,379 --> 00:11:57,529 that but but we would laugh at you so 271 00:12:02,480 --> 00:12:00,389 you actually have to have it something 272 00:12:05,449 --> 00:12:02,490 you hope that it repeats now some 273 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:05,459 objects like a supernova I'm gonna 274 00:12:09,500 --> 00:12:08,010 repeat but you have to make sure that as 275 00:12:11,660 --> 00:12:09,510 the observations go that you're looking 276 00:12:13,759 --> 00:12:11,670 at a real phenomenon and it and that's 277 00:12:15,980 --> 00:12:13,769 hard when these things are transient I 278 00:12:18,889 --> 00:12:15,990 mean so that's why we have an archive is 279 00:12:20,360 --> 00:12:18,899 because because we archive the data and 280 00:12:23,569 --> 00:12:20,370 the hope is that people will comb 281 00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:23,579 through that data for a while and and 282 00:12:28,430 --> 00:12:26,220 maybe find other things as well I mean 283 00:12:30,259 --> 00:12:28,440 one of the good examples of the scale of 284 00:12:32,750 --> 00:12:30,269 what Kepler does with this time series 285 00:12:35,060 --> 00:12:32,760 is the five supernovae so these two core 286 00:12:37,220 --> 00:12:35,070 collapse plus the three one A's that 287 00:12:39,380 --> 00:12:37,230 Peter talked about in a previous paper 288 00:12:42,290 --> 00:12:39,390 the the amount of data and the data 289 00:12:44,660 --> 00:12:42,300 points we have in these five are more 290 00:12:46,540 --> 00:12:44,670 than all other supernova observations of 291 00:12:49,340 --> 00:12:46,550 all other supernovae ever observed 292 00:12:51,380 --> 00:12:49,350 that's wrong that's a really good thing 293 00:12:53,389 --> 00:12:51,390 so if you think of all of the thousands 294 00:12:54,740 --> 00:12:53,399 of supernovae we have more data on our 295 00:12:56,860 --> 00:12:54,750 five with Kepler than all of those 296 00:12:59,960 --> 00:12:56,870 because of the time cadence it takes 297 00:13:01,879 --> 00:12:59,970 Nativity 30 minutes right or so that's 298 00:13:15,350 --> 00:13:01,889 when you get a new image so that's right 299 00:13:17,389 --> 00:13:15,360 it actually is also nice because even 300 00:13:18,639 --> 00:13:17,399 though you know every 30 minutes is all 301 00:13:21,009 --> 00:13:18,649 probably a little too much for 302 00:13:23,889 --> 00:13:21,019 something that takes months to go up and 303 00:13:27,369 --> 00:13:23,899 down we can actually average that data 304 00:13:32,350 --> 00:13:27,379 together and improve the quality of any 305 00:13:34,540 --> 00:13:32,360 you know 24-hour observation is the sum 306 00:13:36,730 --> 00:13:34,550 of all these half an hour observation so 307 00:13:38,829 --> 00:13:36,740 we actually can beat the noise down and 308 00:13:40,929 --> 00:13:38,839 observe things fainter than other people 309 00:13:42,759 --> 00:13:40,939 could with Kepler that's right because I 310 00:13:44,199 --> 00:13:42,769 mean you do you need a rapid time 311 00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:44,209 sequence for if you're trying to measure 312 00:13:48,369 --> 00:13:46,910 a light transit or a tri light curve of 313 00:13:50,199 --> 00:13:48,379 a transiting planet that might be close 314 00:13:52,030 --> 00:13:50,209 to a star that might do it in only a few 315 00:13:53,530 --> 00:13:52,040 hours you want to get a lot of data 316 00:13:55,749 --> 00:13:53,540 points but in the case of supernova 317 00:13:57,429 --> 00:13:55,759 studies you can actually add them up and 318 00:13:59,799 --> 00:13:57,439 that's a valuable technique in astronomy 319 00:14:02,470 --> 00:13:59,809 where you can take two different 320 00:14:04,900 --> 00:14:02,480 exposures and add them together and get 321 00:14:06,910 --> 00:14:04,910 an image of that is the sum of like 322 00:14:08,410 --> 00:14:06,920 we've had a two 10-second exposure 323 00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:08,420 exposure image you can add them together 324 00:14:13,210 --> 00:14:10,970 to get a 20 second exposure image but 325 00:14:15,249 --> 00:14:13,220 the noise only goes up as the square 326 00:14:18,160 --> 00:14:15,259 root of two so it you get a lot more 327 00:14:20,369 --> 00:14:18,170 signal versus the noise and it's a very 328 00:14:23,949 --> 00:14:20,379 valuable technique that astronomers use 329 00:14:26,470 --> 00:14:23,959 it's a divergent but but this is a 330 00:14:28,869 --> 00:14:26,480 common technique now is to take a lot 331 00:14:31,150 --> 00:14:28,879 all of the data you haven't stack it and 332 00:14:34,299 --> 00:14:31,160 if you do that then you can do 333 00:14:36,129 --> 00:14:34,309 detections and then what you do is you 334 00:14:38,650 --> 00:14:36,139 go back and you look at the individual 335 00:14:41,079 --> 00:14:38,660 exposures for those detections 336 00:14:43,869 --> 00:14:41,089 and that's in fact a really valuable 337 00:14:45,850 --> 00:14:43,879 technique for transients it's also a 338 00:14:47,679 --> 00:14:45,860 valuable technique for looking at high 339 00:14:50,559 --> 00:14:47,689 redshift objects because you can smush 340 00:14:53,019 --> 00:14:50,569 all the data together you search for all 341 00:14:55,030 --> 00:14:53,029 the objects that that have emitted any 342 00:14:57,309 --> 00:14:55,040 light and then you go back and you 343 00:14:59,319 --> 00:14:57,319 measure each color and you see which 344 00:15:01,780 --> 00:14:59,329 one's emitted in the visible and in the 345 00:15:05,049 --> 00:15:01,790 and thread and this caught in this case 346 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:05,059 instead of color it's time when did it 347 00:15:10,449 --> 00:15:07,850 you know oh we see it but was it here 348 00:15:13,239 --> 00:15:10,459 here here here here so it's a really 349 00:15:15,489 --> 00:15:13,249 powerful technique right and in fact 350 00:15:18,609 --> 00:15:15,499 there's probably more supernovae in 351 00:15:20,829 --> 00:15:18,619 these galaxies it's just we've kind of 352 00:15:22,359 --> 00:15:20,839 picked off the low-hanging fruit and 353 00:15:24,850 --> 00:15:22,369 there may be some faint ones that are 354 00:15:27,340 --> 00:15:24,860 very very hard to see and people can you 355 00:15:29,410 --> 00:15:27,350 know add up the points and maybe find a 356 00:15:31,150 --> 00:15:29,420 little little bump there but we've 357 00:15:32,580 --> 00:15:31,160 certainly picked the brightest ones 358 00:15:33,870 --> 00:15:32,590 that'll give us a lot 359 00:15:35,880 --> 00:15:33,880 more information about this tournament 360 00:15:39,630 --> 00:15:35,890 all right so let's get to the to what 361 00:15:40,890 --> 00:15:39,640 you found so the in 2011 you found two 362 00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:40,900 you've already pointed these out two 363 00:15:45,330 --> 00:15:42,910 massive supernovas these were red 364 00:15:46,890 --> 00:15:45,340 supergiant's that exploded while they 365 00:15:49,290 --> 00:15:46,900 were in Kepler's field of view and the 366 00:15:52,290 --> 00:15:49,300 first one was Kate you you have these 367 00:15:56,190 --> 00:15:52,300 really really cozy names real cuddly 368 00:15:59,400 --> 00:15:56,200 ones ksn 2011 a and the other one was 369 00:16:01,170 --> 00:15:59,410 ksn 2011 d tell us a little bit about 370 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:01,180 the stars themselves and while we're at 371 00:16:05,280 --> 00:16:02,770 it let's go ahead and put up Scott if 372 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:05,290 you don't mind the light curve of the 373 00:16:09,450 --> 00:16:08,170 supernova itself so we can see what they 374 00:16:12,810 --> 00:16:09,460 looked at and then we're going to talk 375 00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:12,820 about shot breakouts so Peter key Tesla 376 00:16:18,420 --> 00:16:14,530 did about the stars themselves and what 377 00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:18,430 there's these are enormous stars they're 378 00:16:25,380 --> 00:16:21,250 called red supergiant's for a reason the 379 00:16:28,680 --> 00:16:25,390 the radii are 500 sometimes a thousand 380 00:16:31,560 --> 00:16:28,690 times the radius as the Sun so the 381 00:16:33,930 --> 00:16:31,570 Earth's orbit would easily fit in in 382 00:16:36,180 --> 00:16:33,940 these stars and some red supergiant's 383 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:36,190 even Mars's orbit would easily fit yeah 384 00:16:41,220 --> 00:16:39,130 inside the star so just completely 385 00:16:45,090 --> 00:16:41,230 different scale than what we're used to 386 00:16:47,910 --> 00:16:45,100 and we think of normal stars like like 387 00:16:51,540 --> 00:16:47,920 the Sun and maybe eventually the Sun 388 00:16:52,950 --> 00:16:51,550 will puff up to a red supergiant these 389 00:16:56,430 --> 00:16:52,960 are a little more massive than the Sun 390 00:17:01,140 --> 00:16:56,440 these are are maybe 10 to 15 solar mass 391 00:17:02,430 --> 00:17:01,150 stars evolved running out of hydrogen in 392 00:17:05,010 --> 00:17:02,440 their Center and now they're puffed up 393 00:17:08,310 --> 00:17:05,020 into these into these red supergiant's 394 00:17:08,910 --> 00:17:08,320 and so and but wait a minute okay now 395 00:17:10,230 --> 00:17:08,920 I'm confused 396 00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:10,240 I thought our Sun is gonna be a red 397 00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:12,970 giant and just shed its outer layers and 398 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:15,730 write it because it's gonna be pretty 399 00:17:20,220 --> 00:17:18,250 big so that's what happens with the more 400 00:17:22,110 --> 00:17:20,230 massive stars as they can become red 401 00:17:23,970 --> 00:17:22,120 supergiant's okay well it's it so you 402 00:17:26,670 --> 00:17:23,980 did that you saw a couple of these and 403 00:17:28,860 --> 00:17:26,680 Scott Scott it up now this well you 404 00:17:32,310 --> 00:17:28,870 explain what are we looking at here so 405 00:17:34,230 --> 00:17:32,320 you know Kepler is relentless every 30 406 00:17:37,620 --> 00:17:34,240 minutes it's it's taking an image and 407 00:17:42,870 --> 00:17:37,630 and we get to make an observation on 408 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:42,880 that and so as we look on the left side 409 00:17:48,720 --> 00:17:46,330 here we see the three 410 00:17:51,509 --> 00:17:48,730 explosion so we're looking at the at the 411 00:17:54,570 --> 00:17:51,519 galaxy constantly before the explosion 412 00:17:58,789 --> 00:17:54,580 and then in inside that white box 413 00:18:04,560 --> 00:18:01,500 camera flash before it takes a picture 414 00:18:08,250 --> 00:18:04,570 and then that starts to fade and then we 415 00:18:13,980 --> 00:18:08,260 see the rise of supernova itself so this 416 00:18:15,899 --> 00:18:13,990 is the the slower rise is this expanding 417 00:18:19,529 --> 00:18:15,909 envelope of the star itself getting 418 00:18:21,930 --> 00:18:19,539 bigger over time and it takes about in 419 00:18:24,980 --> 00:18:21,940 this case about 13 days for the star to 420 00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:24,990 finally reaches its maximum brightness 421 00:18:31,769 --> 00:18:28,450 and that you know we've seen that before 422 00:18:33,690 --> 00:18:31,779 not in this kind of detail but what we 423 00:18:36,269 --> 00:18:33,700 haven't seen before is that little box 424 00:18:38,789 --> 00:18:36,279 in there where we have what's called a 425 00:18:41,460 --> 00:18:38,799 shock breakouts this is the initial 426 00:18:46,440 --> 00:18:41,470 explosion reaching the surface of this 427 00:18:49,139 --> 00:18:46,450 giant supergiant star and and originally 428 00:18:51,450 --> 00:18:49,149 there was a collapse of the core into a 429 00:18:53,730 --> 00:18:51,460 neutron star probably and that produced 430 00:18:56,490 --> 00:18:53,740 the shockwave which I actually took a 431 00:18:58,799 --> 00:18:56,500 day to reach the surface of the star and 432 00:19:02,779 --> 00:18:58,809 then we see the flash and then the 433 00:19:04,830 --> 00:19:02,789 expanding star yeah I can't see the 434 00:19:05,970 --> 00:19:04,840 x-axis on the because of everybody's 435 00:19:07,950 --> 00:19:05,980 thumbnails and the hang up but I'm 436 00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:07,960 looking at the image now and it shows so 437 00:19:11,399 --> 00:19:10,090 that but that bottom scale is in days in 438 00:19:12,539 --> 00:19:11,409 case I'm just not sure what people are 439 00:19:15,120 --> 00:19:12,549 being able to see when they in the 440 00:19:17,610 --> 00:19:15,130 hangout so it did that little that 441 00:19:19,919 --> 00:19:17,620 little bump there took several hours it 442 00:19:23,129 --> 00:19:19,929 looks like and you said it might have 443 00:19:25,529 --> 00:19:23,139 been due to a core collapse of a into a 444 00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:25,539 neutron star you said so that that's the 445 00:19:31,980 --> 00:19:28,570 the theory of of these kinds of 446 00:19:34,259 --> 00:19:31,990 supernovae massive stars they evolve 447 00:19:36,690 --> 00:19:34,269 they create all all heavier and heavier 448 00:19:39,269 --> 00:19:36,700 elements in their core eventually they 449 00:19:41,639 --> 00:19:39,279 create iron in their core and they can't 450 00:19:46,169 --> 00:19:41,649 get energy out anymore through fusion 451 00:19:47,789 --> 00:19:46,179 and the core will collapse down starting 452 00:19:50,639 --> 00:19:47,799 out maybe the size of the earth 453 00:19:53,460 --> 00:19:50,649 collapsing down to just 10 kilometers in 454 00:19:55,260 --> 00:19:53,470 size as a neutron star and then the rest 455 00:19:57,419 --> 00:19:55,270 of the star kind of bounces off of that 456 00:19:59,590 --> 00:19:57,429 there's a lot of physics we don't 457 00:20:02,420 --> 00:19:59,600 understand at this phase there's 458 00:20:04,910 --> 00:20:02,430 models don't seem to show the ability to 459 00:20:08,690 --> 00:20:04,920 actually explode the star unless there's 460 00:20:10,670 --> 00:20:08,700 extra physics involved including you 461 00:20:13,940 --> 00:20:10,680 know really bizarre exotic stuff like 462 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:13,950 neutrinos being used to energize the 463 00:20:19,310 --> 00:20:16,770 inner part of the star but eventually a 464 00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:19,320 shock wave gets launched that moves 465 00:20:25,520 --> 00:20:23,060 through this this envelope that's 466 00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:25,530 hundreds of times the radius of the Sun 467 00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:28,080 and we don't even know that's coming 468 00:20:35,240 --> 00:20:32,210 until that flash arrives 469 00:20:36,710 --> 00:20:35,250 well we so we've got the light curve and 470 00:20:37,880 --> 00:20:36,720 we also got a little animation that kind 471 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:37,890 of shows a little bit about what you're 472 00:20:42,350 --> 00:20:39,090 talking about and while Scott cues that 473 00:20:45,710 --> 00:20:42,360 up I'll just wait before we go there so 474 00:20:48,890 --> 00:20:45,720 so if I understand looking at this graph 475 00:20:51,680 --> 00:20:48,900 there's really no precursor to this it's 476 00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:51,690 just like boom and then it goes right am 477 00:21:00,740 --> 00:20:53,760 i right I mean you could say the shock 478 00:21:04,430 --> 00:21:00,750 breakout is telling you every flash and 479 00:21:06,080 --> 00:21:04,440 the rest of the star expands out and no 480 00:21:09,110 --> 00:21:06,090 you're right it's a lot of nothing 481 00:21:10,750 --> 00:21:09,120 before the excitement that's pretty 482 00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:10,760 early 483 00:21:15,290 --> 00:21:12,870 the excitement certainly thinks that 484 00:21:17,020 --> 00:21:15,300 one's good but you know it's every it's 485 00:21:19,750 --> 00:21:17,030 all good things you have to wait 486 00:21:23,330 --> 00:21:19,760 unfortunately Scott we're not seeing 487 00:21:23,990 --> 00:21:23,340 your screen yeah I can see it you can oh 488 00:21:26,450 --> 00:21:24,000 I can't 489 00:21:36,080 --> 00:21:26,460 wow we're okay well you tuned me not 490 00:21:38,900 --> 00:21:36,090 that much Carol if Kepler were in 491 00:21:40,970 --> 00:21:38,910 neutrino telescope so the neutrinos 492 00:21:43,010 --> 00:21:40,980 actually come out of the star very very 493 00:21:44,990 --> 00:21:43,020 easily there's not they don't interact 494 00:21:47,780 --> 00:21:45,000 with that with the gas and the envelope 495 00:21:50,030 --> 00:21:47,790 if we were to see this in neutrinos we 496 00:21:52,970 --> 00:21:50,040 would have seen a flash of neutrinos a 497 00:21:55,730 --> 00:21:52,980 day before we see the flash of the light 498 00:21:59,750 --> 00:21:55,740 so in in terms of precursor we're just 499 00:22:02,000 --> 00:21:59,760 on the right the right particles in 500 00:22:05,330 --> 00:22:02,010 photons instead of in nutrients yeah 501 00:22:07,220 --> 00:22:05,340 very difficult to see we pointed out 502 00:22:09,050 --> 00:22:07,230 there weakly interacting with us and so 503 00:22:10,460 --> 00:22:09,060 they go right straight through most 504 00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:10,470 things and they don't set off our 505 00:22:13,879 --> 00:22:11,940 detectors very well so 506 00:22:15,619 --> 00:22:13,889 that's hard they're hard to see but this 507 00:22:17,149 --> 00:22:15,629 is an explosion then even though it 508 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:17,159 looks like an expansion of the outer 509 00:22:23,269 --> 00:22:19,610 atmosphere this is an explosion a 510 00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:23,279 supernova yes yes this is the the early 511 00:22:28,129 --> 00:22:25,110 moments when we first see it reach the 512 00:22:31,070 --> 00:22:28,139 surface of the star and it's two phases 513 00:22:33,499 --> 00:22:31,080 once the there's a shock inside which is 514 00:22:35,749 --> 00:22:33,509 a supernova as well and then we see it 515 00:22:38,539 --> 00:22:35,759 reaching the surface here and then the 516 00:22:42,919 --> 00:22:38,549 flash of the shock breakout and and the 517 00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:42,929 expanding envelope which which is the 518 00:22:48,889 --> 00:22:45,450 supernova itself okay 519 00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:48,899 well the this is the first time that 520 00:22:55,369 --> 00:22:51,210 this that this bow shock or this would 521 00:22:57,799 --> 00:22:55,379 have the shock wave has been seen or has 522 00:22:59,659 --> 00:22:57,809 been actually observed but this isn't a 523 00:23:01,279 --> 00:22:59,669 surprise right you guys knew this 524 00:23:04,430 --> 00:23:01,289 something like this would already happen 525 00:23:06,200 --> 00:23:04,440 correct or ISM just because it hadn't 526 00:23:07,999 --> 00:23:06,210 been observed as a mean you didn't know 527 00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:08,009 this something like this was there so 528 00:23:12,230 --> 00:23:09,570 this is the first time we've seen it at 529 00:23:16,970 --> 00:23:12,240 optical wavelengths it's actually been 530 00:23:19,789 --> 00:23:16,980 seen in in the ultraviolet in in in a 531 00:23:22,310 --> 00:23:19,799 few supernovae oh yeah 532 00:23:24,110 --> 00:23:22,320 that's not supergiant's not red 533 00:23:26,779 --> 00:23:24,120 supergiant's but in core collapse 534 00:23:29,299 --> 00:23:26,789 supernova there have been ultra violent 535 00:23:30,980 --> 00:23:29,309 officers okay great all right and most 536 00:23:32,299 --> 00:23:30,990 of those were lucky for in fact the 537 00:23:33,980 --> 00:23:32,309 first one was they were looking at 538 00:23:35,389 --> 00:23:33,990 another supernova and the supernova just 539 00:23:38,149 --> 00:23:35,399 happened to go off at the exact same 540 00:23:40,190 --> 00:23:38,159 moment so there was some evidence here 541 00:23:42,649 --> 00:23:40,200 and we wanted to kind of systematically 542 00:23:44,060 --> 00:23:42,659 you know on purpose search for it and 543 00:23:45,169 --> 00:23:44,070 look for it and I think when the 544 00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:45,179 interesting thing that's already come 545 00:23:49,759 --> 00:23:47,610 out as we saw the two soup exploding 546 00:23:52,999 --> 00:23:49,769 stars but we only saw the shockwave in 547 00:23:54,619 --> 00:23:53,009 one so already right there and looking 548 00:23:56,299 --> 00:23:54,629 at in a consistent way we know it's real 549 00:23:58,430 --> 00:23:56,309 but we only saw it and one is now was 550 00:23:59,690 --> 00:23:58,440 that because you didn't see it from the 551 00:24:01,519 --> 00:23:59,700 beginning or did you see it all 552 00:24:03,649 --> 00:24:01,529 completely through from the beginning uh 553 00:24:06,139 --> 00:24:03,659 why you said was a whole lot of nothing 554 00:24:07,879 --> 00:24:06,149 and then it got exciting real fast it or 555 00:24:08,899 --> 00:24:07,889 did you catch it at a different part of 556 00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:08,909 the light curve or did you see the 557 00:24:14,779 --> 00:24:11,490 entire thing and the one people for both 558 00:24:17,419 --> 00:24:14,789 we saw it the whole time we solo we we 559 00:24:19,789 --> 00:24:17,429 think with one there might be some some 560 00:24:21,529 --> 00:24:19,799 dusts or some other environmental 561 00:24:24,350 --> 00:24:21,539 circumstances that is preventing us from 562 00:24:25,820 --> 00:24:24,360 actually seeing that shockwave actually 563 00:24:27,230 --> 00:24:25,830 kind of reach it reach 564 00:24:30,110 --> 00:24:27,240 full brightness that's kind of being 565 00:24:32,360 --> 00:24:30,120 masked a little bit that that's our idea 566 00:24:34,490 --> 00:24:32,370 anyway but we saw the very early stages 567 00:24:37,039 --> 00:24:34,500 we saw really explode we just didn't see 568 00:24:38,389 --> 00:24:37,049 that quick shockwave so already it's 569 00:24:39,980 --> 00:24:38,399 telling us that there there is some 570 00:24:43,430 --> 00:24:39,990 interesting physics that goes on early 571 00:24:45,620 --> 00:24:43,440 times even more so than we kind of 572 00:24:48,350 --> 00:24:45,630 thought okay well these are being 573 00:24:49,789 --> 00:24:48,360 classified as type 2 supernova and you 574 00:24:51,769 --> 00:24:49,799 already mentioned that you that using 575 00:24:54,230 --> 00:24:51,779 Kepler data you found some type 1 A's 576 00:24:56,630 --> 00:24:54,240 tell us a little bit about what type 2 577 00:24:58,340 --> 00:24:56,640 are and how are they different from some 578 00:24:59,990 --> 00:24:58,350 of the other types of super also heard 579 00:25:04,370 --> 00:25:00,000 you say core-collapse is that is that 580 00:25:05,629 --> 00:25:04,380 synonymous so I tell my students all the 581 00:25:09,350 --> 00:25:05,639 time this is a kind of a complicated 582 00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:09,360 thing where astronomers have classified 583 00:25:14,690 --> 00:25:11,970 things based on their observations on on 584 00:25:18,110 --> 00:25:14,700 the spectra of of supernovae and it 585 00:25:20,990 --> 00:25:18,120 doesn't necessarily correlate match up 586 00:25:24,139 --> 00:25:21,000 one-to-one with what the models are for 587 00:25:26,659 --> 00:25:24,149 what we think is going on so a type 2 588 00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:26,669 supernova is just a supernova that shows 589 00:25:31,820 --> 00:25:30,210 hydrogen in its spectrum and a type 1 590 00:25:34,490 --> 00:25:31,830 supernova is one that doesn't show 591 00:25:39,830 --> 00:25:34,500 hydrogen in the spectra this goes way 592 00:25:42,139 --> 00:25:39,840 back to Ricky and bada and 100-inch 593 00:25:44,629 --> 00:25:42,149 telescope and their their first specter 594 00:25:48,409 --> 00:25:44,639 of of these things they realize there 595 00:25:52,070 --> 00:25:48,419 were two basic observational classes and 596 00:25:55,279 --> 00:25:52,080 and it turns out that type 1 supernova 597 00:25:57,740 --> 00:25:55,289 type 1 B and type 1 C supernovae are 598 00:26:01,789 --> 00:25:57,750 more related to type 2 and they are - 599 00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:01,799 the type 1 earth I sat down with Massimo 600 00:26:04,610 --> 00:26:03,450 C of LA one time in his office and he 601 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:04,620 was trying to explain to me the 602 00:26:09,139 --> 00:26:06,090 different classifications of stars 603 00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:09,149 population to population 3 and all a 604 00:26:20,299 --> 00:26:18,210 makes this sounds like yeah this this 605 00:26:24,889 --> 00:26:20,309 just bolsters this statement that I say 606 00:26:30,980 --> 00:26:24,899 all the time astronomers just say stuff 607 00:26:33,090 --> 00:26:30,990 when they see it get in the way of a 608 00:26:39,930 --> 00:26:33,100 good transportation system 609 00:26:42,629 --> 00:26:39,940 know what that looks like what does that 610 00:26:47,129 --> 00:26:42,639 really mean astrophysically well nothing 611 00:26:50,490 --> 00:26:47,139 like dark matter but it comes out of 612 00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:50,500 your mouth and then it's sort of 613 00:26:54,180 --> 00:26:52,570 scientific Tourette's where you just 614 00:26:58,019 --> 00:26:54,190 blurt out little things they've been 615 00:27:00,299 --> 00:26:58,029 they somehow absolutely it's yeah you I 616 00:27:02,249 --> 00:27:00,309 know when I was excited doing my 617 00:27:04,620 --> 00:27:02,259 research and everybody else you just you 618 00:27:06,690 --> 00:27:04,630 turn into this child that gets so 619 00:27:08,759 --> 00:27:06,700 excited about anything come they're just 620 00:27:11,100 --> 00:27:08,769 words of nonsense come out and sometimes 621 00:27:13,470 --> 00:27:11,110 you get way too attached to one little 622 00:27:16,769 --> 00:27:13,480 thing even if it messes with everybody 623 00:27:18,269 --> 00:27:16,779 else's way of looking at the universe so 624 00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:18,279 I didn't come on this show to be 625 00:27:30,570 --> 00:27:28,570 ridiculed okay you didn't get that memo 626 00:27:37,610 --> 00:27:30,580 Peter that's it it over one memo you're 627 00:27:45,330 --> 00:27:42,509 you'll never be back you're right 628 00:27:47,639 --> 00:27:45,340 this is a historical thing we start out 629 00:27:49,710 --> 00:27:47,649 with no knowledge at all you start doing 630 00:27:52,350 --> 00:27:49,720 the observation than the classifications 631 00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:52,360 and only later do we find out that the 632 00:27:56,159 --> 00:27:55,090 the physics is is you know different 633 00:27:58,799 --> 00:27:56,169 than what we were doing with the 634 00:28:01,259 --> 00:27:58,809 classifications so in a classification 635 00:28:04,590 --> 00:28:01,269 in a in a physic sense we have basically 636 00:28:07,529 --> 00:28:04,600 two kinds of explosions we have massive 637 00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:07,539 stars that run out of energy in their 638 00:28:11,909 --> 00:28:09,970 center the core collapses down to a 639 00:28:14,279 --> 00:28:11,919 neutron stars maybe even a black hole 640 00:28:16,789 --> 00:28:14,289 sometimes and that we call a core 641 00:28:19,350 --> 00:28:16,799 collapse supernova and there are several 642 00:28:22,039 --> 00:28:19,360 spectroscopic types that correspond to 643 00:28:26,129 --> 00:28:22,049 that and the other side is a white dwarf 644 00:28:28,799 --> 00:28:26,139 that has a thermonuclear runaway runaway 645 00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:28,809 fusion in its center it's consumed in 646 00:28:35,220 --> 00:28:32,710 this in this fusion it it makes a type 647 00:28:36,509 --> 00:28:35,230 1a supernova and those are thus the 648 00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:36,519 basic two types 649 00:28:40,950 --> 00:28:38,710 okay well earlier I was asking you guys 650 00:28:42,330 --> 00:28:40,960 about the difference between the you 651 00:28:44,279 --> 00:28:42,340 know we tell my red giants and what our 652 00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:44,289 Sun is going to do and red supergiant 653 00:28:47,820 --> 00:28:44,890 and how the 654 00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:47,830 is different I've been taught and I'm 655 00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:48,850 thinking a lot of us have been taught 656 00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:50,590 that our Sun when it dies is gonna leave 657 00:28:56,280 --> 00:28:53,650 behind a white dwarf at its core and 658 00:28:58,760 --> 00:28:56,290 what about these type 2 supernovas what 659 00:29:01,110 --> 00:28:58,770 kind of remnant do they leave behind 660 00:29:03,570 --> 00:29:01,120 Brad you want to take that one yes and 661 00:29:05,820 --> 00:29:03,580 say so muslim' leave a neutron star and 662 00:29:07,710 --> 00:29:05,830 it's the the whole process is quite 663 00:29:09,780 --> 00:29:07,720 interesting right and we've known for a 664 00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:09,790 long time and believe you know we were 665 00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:11,410 talking about physics getting in the way 666 00:29:14,550 --> 00:29:13,210 well we've always had the physical 667 00:29:16,410 --> 00:29:14,560 understanding we just haven't had fully 668 00:29:18,120 --> 00:29:16,420 the observational understanding and I 669 00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:18,130 think a good way I always like to 670 00:29:22,020 --> 00:29:19,810 explain this is if you take dirt and 671 00:29:24,300 --> 00:29:22,030 compress it in your hand at some point 672 00:29:26,580 --> 00:29:24,310 you can't compress it enough and then 673 00:29:28,670 --> 00:29:26,590 your hands kind of bounce off and that's 674 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:28,680 the process what happens it stars 675 00:29:33,690 --> 00:29:31,930 collapsed it and compress that material 676 00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:33,700 and then your hands have bounced off in 677 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:35,410 that initial bouncing off is this shock 678 00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:38,050 wave so the majority of stars we think 679 00:29:41,790 --> 00:29:40,330 about are these core clip so Betelgeuse 680 00:29:44,340 --> 00:29:41,800 is going to be a core collapse star for 681 00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:44,350 instance so you know Betelgeuse and 682 00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:47,170 Orion is due to blow up any day as I say 683 00:29:52,350 --> 00:29:48,970 and in astronomy terms as you know that 684 00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:52,360 means like 20,000 years any day now 685 00:29:57,720 --> 00:29:56,050 but it is those are the general stars 686 00:30:01,350 --> 00:29:57,730 that were thought of and so they leave 687 00:30:03,780 --> 00:30:01,360 behind a neutron star we think even more 688 00:30:06,390 --> 00:30:03,790 larger supergiant stars can leave behind 689 00:30:08,070 --> 00:30:06,400 black holes though that process have 690 00:30:09,750 --> 00:30:08,080 never been saved you've never actually 691 00:30:12,150 --> 00:30:09,760 seen the neutron star and there's not 692 00:30:13,320 --> 00:30:12,160 necessarily a really hard boundary 693 00:30:14,760 --> 00:30:13,330 between when you get a neutron star 694 00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:14,770 versus a black hole core I mean it's 695 00:30:18,300 --> 00:30:16,330 kind of a range of their conditions 696 00:30:19,860 --> 00:30:18,310 exactly we think there's a range and we 697 00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:19,870 would like to see this direct process 698 00:30:25,170 --> 00:30:22,210 happening and so we infer that there's a 699 00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:25,180 neutron star but we obviously didn't see 700 00:30:30,300 --> 00:30:27,850 the neutron stars so this shock breakout 701 00:30:31,770 --> 00:30:30,310 that we were talking about today I love 702 00:30:33,390 --> 00:30:31,780 what you just said it was you know this 703 00:30:34,920 --> 00:30:33,400 idea that you're pushing and pushing on 704 00:30:37,290 --> 00:30:34,930 the core and boom you're bounced back 705 00:30:39,420 --> 00:30:37,300 that is what we're seeing right it's 706 00:30:41,850 --> 00:30:39,430 that sort of push back from the collapse 707 00:30:44,010 --> 00:30:41,860 of this core of this core and a neutron 708 00:30:47,490 --> 00:30:44,020 star is extremely dense give us an idea 709 00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:47,500 just how dense that is so I think if you 710 00:30:54,330 --> 00:30:49,510 were to take a spoonful of the Sun you 711 00:30:57,060 --> 00:30:54,340 get about five grams of material that 712 00:30:58,410 --> 00:30:57,070 tasty Sun now neutron starts and it's 713 00:30:59,850 --> 00:30:58,420 tasty 714 00:31:01,890 --> 00:30:59,860 but I think if you take a better 715 00:31:04,460 --> 00:31:01,900 neutrons a spoonful of a neutron star 716 00:31:07,620 --> 00:31:04,470 you get about a hundred thousand grams 717 00:31:10,830 --> 00:31:07,630 so neutron stars are much more dense now 718 00:31:13,440 --> 00:31:10,840 it's not as dense the black coal but a 719 00:31:16,980 --> 00:31:13,450 you know the the neutron star that would 720 00:31:18,630 --> 00:31:16,990 have been created in this this explosion 721 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:18,640 that we saw would have been smaller than 722 00:31:23,490 --> 00:31:21,130 the earth physical size so the radius 723 00:31:25,620 --> 00:31:23,500 would have been smaller than the earth 724 00:31:28,230 --> 00:31:25,630 but it would have been heavier than the 725 00:31:30,030 --> 00:31:28,240 Sun so these are really dense really 726 00:31:32,220 --> 00:31:30,040 heavy things okay well let me get to 727 00:31:34,050 --> 00:31:32,230 Astro girl one usa's question which is 728 00:31:36,810 --> 00:31:34,060 and welcome back by the way it's good to 729 00:31:38,720 --> 00:31:36,820 see you back so she's asking a very 730 00:31:41,640 --> 00:31:38,730 relevant question at this point do all 731 00:31:43,500 --> 00:31:41,650 supernovae have shockwaves or just type 732 00:31:45,210 --> 00:31:43,510 two that bounce back you're talking 733 00:31:47,130 --> 00:31:45,220 about is that only is that a signature 734 00:31:50,700 --> 00:31:47,140 of type two or will we see that 735 00:31:54,630 --> 00:31:50,710 somewhere else another life supernova so 736 00:31:56,850 --> 00:31:54,640 yeah I think it was it's true that all 737 00:31:59,250 --> 00:31:56,860 core-collapse supernovae so these are 738 00:32:02,750 --> 00:31:59,260 these are things where that neutron star 739 00:32:06,360 --> 00:32:02,760 is is formed and it has an outer layer 740 00:32:08,670 --> 00:32:06,370 envelope to it that they're the shock 741 00:32:11,970 --> 00:32:08,680 the breakout will occur in all of these 742 00:32:14,040 --> 00:32:11,980 different brightnesses so it turns out 743 00:32:16,950 --> 00:32:14,050 that these red supergiant's which are 744 00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:16,960 are so large give you brighter shock 745 00:32:21,780 --> 00:32:18,970 breakouts than something more compact 746 00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:21,790 where the hydrogen envelope has been 747 00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:24,610 lost or something like that so you'll 748 00:32:28,200 --> 00:32:26,770 still get a shock breakout but it's not 749 00:32:32,940 --> 00:32:28,210 going to be as bright as you see in 750 00:32:34,650 --> 00:32:32,950 these very large red supergiant stars no 751 00:32:35,730 --> 00:32:34,660 so these are fascinating okay well I'm 752 00:32:38,190 --> 00:32:35,740 gonna go back I want to go back to a 753 00:32:39,990 --> 00:32:38,200 Twitter comment that Joel Edward 86 754 00:32:42,690 --> 00:32:40,000 asked and this is sort of goes back to 755 00:32:43,980 --> 00:32:42,700 what you were just commenting on Brad so 756 00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:43,990 I'd like you to follow up with this you 757 00:32:48,150 --> 00:32:45,370 mentioned Betelgeuse so I'm gonna go 758 00:32:50,520 --> 00:32:48,160 ahead let's do it is Betelgeuse near two 759 00:32:52,560 --> 00:32:50,530 supernova and you said any day now and 760 00:32:54,420 --> 00:32:52,570 if so what would that look like from the 761 00:32:57,090 --> 00:32:54,430 earth tell us about what that might look 762 00:33:01,050 --> 00:32:57,100 like it'd be awesome firstly I made a 763 00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:01,060 you know you're just blowing me away 764 00:33:07,850 --> 00:33:05,050 okay it's a I'm really waiting for 765 00:33:11,950 --> 00:33:07,860 Betelgeuse to blow up I call it employer 766 00:33:15,010 --> 00:33:11,960 you know it's Betelgeuse 767 00:33:17,710 --> 00:33:15,020 we'll be very bright you know it's not 768 00:33:19,090 --> 00:33:17,720 gonna be like a new Sun I mean I think 769 00:33:20,799 --> 00:33:19,100 some people think that it will just be 770 00:33:23,620 --> 00:33:20,809 this you know there's very bright thing 771 00:33:25,780 --> 00:33:23,630 firstly we'll see the neutrinos first so 772 00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:25,790 the those high-energy particles that 773 00:33:29,590 --> 00:33:27,410 we're talking about earlier leaving the 774 00:33:30,850 --> 00:33:29,600 the inside of the star we should be able 775 00:33:32,980 --> 00:33:30,860 to see them with our ground-based 776 00:33:35,799 --> 00:33:32,990 detectors and kind of know about it a 777 00:33:37,840 --> 00:33:35,809 few minutes ahead of time and then we'll 778 00:33:40,690 --> 00:33:37,850 see the light I think their general 779 00:33:43,240 --> 00:33:40,700 consensus is when Betelgeuse blows up it 780 00:33:44,799 --> 00:33:43,250 will be bright for months visible to the 781 00:33:47,410 --> 00:33:44,809 naked eye 782 00:33:48,850 --> 00:33:47,420 we should probably you know at peak you 783 00:33:51,430 --> 00:33:48,860 know probably brighter than the full 784 00:33:54,250 --> 00:33:51,440 moon that's what we may be able to see 785 00:33:56,110 --> 00:33:54,260 it then we'd be able to potentially I 786 00:33:58,960 --> 00:33:56,120 mean there is you know debate about 787 00:34:00,940 --> 00:33:58,970 exactly how bright it is it's we there's 788 00:34:03,730 --> 00:34:00,950 very few cases where we've seen a very 789 00:34:08,710 --> 00:34:03,740 studied evolve star and then see it blow 790 00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:08,720 up but it will be a good example 1987a 791 00:34:12,820 --> 00:34:11,210 the supernova we call 1987a which 792 00:34:15,760 --> 00:34:12,830 occurred in our neighbor galaxy the 793 00:34:18,010 --> 00:34:15,770 Large Magellanic Cloud now this is 794 00:34:19,540 --> 00:34:18,020 thousands of light years are tens of 795 00:34:21,639 --> 00:34:19,550 thousands of light years away but when 796 00:34:23,169 --> 00:34:21,649 it blew up it was so bright our 797 00:34:25,810 --> 00:34:23,179 professional telescopes couldn't 798 00:34:27,790 --> 00:34:25,820 actually even use it because it was so 799 00:34:29,139 --> 00:34:27,800 bright it saturated our measurement so 800 00:34:32,740 --> 00:34:29,149 you can imagine something that's in our 801 00:34:35,139 --> 00:34:32,750 backyard how bright scaling wise that 802 00:34:36,460 --> 00:34:35,149 would be so whenever it blows up it 803 00:34:37,780 --> 00:34:36,470 won't harm the earth you know we're not 804 00:34:39,399 --> 00:34:37,790 we're not in trouble we're not in danger 805 00:34:43,750 --> 00:34:39,409 we don't have to call Bruce Willis or 806 00:34:46,810 --> 00:34:43,760 anything like that but it will be a Cool 807 00:34:48,970 --> 00:34:46,820 J Willis at it but it'll be a great show 808 00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:48,980 nonetheless yeah we're gonna have them 809 00:34:53,139 --> 00:34:51,050 go drill the supernova just just think 810 00:35:03,160 --> 00:34:53,149 exactly Oh Smith playing in the 811 00:35:05,380 --> 00:35:03,170 background I'm with you well the the so 812 00:35:06,790 --> 00:35:05,390 they have what about the the density of 813 00:35:09,070 --> 00:35:06,800 these star oh I know what I want to get 814 00:35:11,020 --> 00:35:09,080 to so I'm gonna go back to the neutrino 815 00:35:13,750 --> 00:35:11,030 comment you made earlier we have 816 00:35:15,070 --> 00:35:13,760 detectors you the ground-based detectors 817 00:35:16,660 --> 00:35:15,080 are deep underground I think some of 818 00:35:18,550 --> 00:35:16,670 them are in Japan some of our might I 819 00:35:20,890 --> 00:35:18,560 forget where they all are one of them is 820 00:35:23,260 --> 00:35:20,900 called super k kamiokande or something 821 00:35:25,540 --> 00:35:23,270 like that those are those all those are 822 00:35:27,510 --> 00:35:25,550 always on right and they will 823 00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:27,520 TEKT an influx of neutrinos do you guys 824 00:35:31,150 --> 00:35:29,810 rely on that as any kind of early 825 00:35:32,680 --> 00:35:31,160 warning system at all do they let you 826 00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:32,690 guys know when they're when they see a 827 00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:35,690 sudden influx of neutrinos it's it's 828 00:35:41,470 --> 00:35:37,450 funny that you say that but there is a 829 00:35:43,150 --> 00:35:41,480 network of neutrino detectors I think 830 00:35:48,250 --> 00:35:43,160 it's true they're awesome or something 831 00:35:52,570 --> 00:35:48,260 yeah supernova alert yeah yeah and and I 832 00:35:55,630 --> 00:35:52,580 I am signed up for it so if several of 833 00:35:59,110 --> 00:35:55,640 these neutrino detectors show a spike in 834 00:36:01,480 --> 00:35:59,120 rates they they will send out an 835 00:36:04,300 --> 00:36:01,490 automatic alert saying hey something is 836 00:36:06,790 --> 00:36:04,310 going on and and then it'll be up to us 837 00:36:09,490 --> 00:36:06,800 optical astronomers to go out and and 838 00:36:12,070 --> 00:36:09,500 look for a galactic supernova because 839 00:36:14,770 --> 00:36:12,080 they won't have the sensitivity beyond 840 00:36:17,620 --> 00:36:14,780 save a large and small Magellanic Clouds 841 00:36:20,410 --> 00:36:17,630 so I'm not even sure Andromeda they'll 842 00:36:23,710 --> 00:36:20,420 be able to detect very much but in our 843 00:36:26,470 --> 00:36:23,720 galaxy it should be a fairly clear spike 844 00:36:28,620 --> 00:36:26,480 of neutrinos these days the the neutrino 845 00:36:32,020 --> 00:36:28,630 detectors have gotten a lot better since 846 00:36:35,830 --> 00:36:32,030 1987 when I think it was 19 or 18 847 00:36:38,350 --> 00:36:35,840 neutrinos were detected from 1987a and 848 00:36:40,510 --> 00:36:38,360 the Large Magellanic Cloud so they're 849 00:36:42,810 --> 00:36:40,520 expecting thousands of neutrinos to be 850 00:36:45,430 --> 00:36:42,820 detected from a galactic supernova and 851 00:36:47,710 --> 00:36:45,440 it should be a pretty clear signal and 852 00:36:50,830 --> 00:36:47,720 then we can go start looking for it in 853 00:36:53,620 --> 00:36:50,840 the optical are they directional enough 854 00:36:55,480 --> 00:36:53,630 to give you a sense of where to look I 855 00:36:57,070 --> 00:36:55,490 mean I know that these they only you 856 00:36:59,710 --> 00:36:57,080 only have a few neutrinos to work with 857 00:37:01,870 --> 00:36:59,720 each time but if several throughout the 858 00:37:02,830 --> 00:37:01,880 globe were able to detect them can you 859 00:37:08,070 --> 00:37:02,840 kind of get a sense of where they're 860 00:37:14,380 --> 00:37:12,100 that any any couple of neutrinos will do 861 00:37:17,650 --> 00:37:14,390 it but the large number of neutrinos 862 00:37:20,680 --> 00:37:17,660 that say go to super-k you can get a 863 00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:20,690 directional signal from that the flash 864 00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:23,450 of strength off radiation points in the 865 00:37:27,250 --> 00:37:25,310 opposite direction general opposite 866 00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:27,260 direction of where the where the 867 00:37:32,170 --> 00:37:29,570 neutrino came from so we could probably 868 00:37:35,530 --> 00:37:32,180 narrow it down to maybe twenty or thirty 869 00:37:37,300 --> 00:37:35,540 degrees on the sky where the where the 870 00:37:39,550 --> 00:37:37,310 supernova is coming from and a core 871 00:37:41,650 --> 00:37:39,560 collapse supernovae generally comes from 872 00:37:43,720 --> 00:37:41,660 an extremely young population of stars 873 00:37:46,870 --> 00:37:43,730 so it will probably be constrained to 874 00:37:48,930 --> 00:37:46,880 the disk of our galaxy so we'll know 875 00:37:52,780 --> 00:37:48,940 pretty well from the neutrino flash 876 00:37:54,190 --> 00:37:52,790 where where doesn't don't look so wait a 877 00:37:56,620 --> 00:37:54,200 minute these two supernovas we're 878 00:37:58,450 --> 00:37:56,630 talking about today they are from 879 00:37:59,860 --> 00:37:58,460 galaxies pretty far away then we're 880 00:38:03,160 --> 00:37:59,870 talking billions of light-years away 881 00:38:04,810 --> 00:38:03,170 right so we would not necessarily where 882 00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:04,820 we probably wouldn't I don't think get 883 00:38:09,930 --> 00:38:06,610 any neutrinos from these would be 884 00:38:12,310 --> 00:38:09,940 absolutely not say they are very distant 885 00:38:15,550 --> 00:38:12,320 so like I was saying even even though 886 00:38:17,950 --> 00:38:15,560 our nearest galaxies Andromeda and 887 00:38:20,860 --> 00:38:17,960 beyond I don't think it's possible to 888 00:38:22,570 --> 00:38:20,870 get a together you to know that so 889 00:38:24,940 --> 00:38:22,580 neutrino detectors are very helpful for 890 00:38:26,470 --> 00:38:24,950 things happening within our galaxy I 891 00:38:28,030 --> 00:38:26,480 mean and I think that's kind of the 892 00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:28,040 impressive part when we go back to about 893 00:38:32,170 --> 00:38:29,690 these kepler observations we're seeing a 894 00:38:35,620 --> 00:38:32,180 shock wave from a neutron star that was 895 00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:35,630 created in the collection of a star 1.2 896 00:38:41,290 --> 00:38:39,050 billion light-years away and that's how 897 00:38:42,580 --> 00:38:41,300 sensitive Kepler is you can't do this 898 00:38:45,130 --> 00:38:42,590 from the ground you can't do this with 899 00:38:47,140 --> 00:38:45,140 other instruments and that is where the 900 00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:47,150 the strengths of Kepler has really 901 00:38:51,340 --> 00:38:49,880 allowed us to do these discoveries and I 902 00:38:52,690 --> 00:38:51,350 was so easy doing these hangouts to just 903 00:38:54,910 --> 00:38:52,700 be flippant about numbers like that oh 904 00:38:56,500 --> 00:38:54,920 yeah 1.2 1.2 million what's a couple 905 00:38:58,660 --> 00:38:56,510 million light-years between friends I 906 00:39:00,490 --> 00:38:58,670 don't get the problem here so oK we've 907 00:39:02,620 --> 00:39:00,500 got some more good questions here I want 908 00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:02,630 to get to some of them here what 909 00:39:07,690 --> 00:39:05,810 Christopher boy it must be Pettersen 910 00:39:09,010 --> 00:39:07,700 with all those T's so I an S is so I'm 911 00:39:11,020 --> 00:39:09,020 just gonna say it that way Christopher 912 00:39:14,890 --> 00:39:11,030 Patterson what is the density of these 913 00:39:17,230 --> 00:39:14,900 giant stars compared to the Sun do these 914 00:39:19,290 --> 00:39:17,240 giants just get bloated once the star 915 00:39:21,370 --> 00:39:19,300 mass or the mass starts to go up now 916 00:39:22,720 --> 00:39:21,380 that I'm kind of wondering you know I 917 00:39:25,330 --> 00:39:22,730 was kind of clarifying that a little bit 918 00:39:26,500 --> 00:39:25,340 earlier in the hangout how do these what 919 00:39:28,480 --> 00:39:26,510 is it what are the density of these 920 00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:28,490 stars and we you give the size in the 921 00:39:32,050 --> 00:39:29,510 press release but we don't talk about 922 00:39:33,370 --> 00:39:32,060 the mass so much how do these how do 923 00:39:36,310 --> 00:39:33,380 they compare as far as the mass of the 924 00:39:38,560 --> 00:39:36,320 Sun and the density right so our 925 00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:38,570 observations actually are pretty good at 926 00:39:43,150 --> 00:39:40,910 constraining the size of the star when 927 00:39:45,340 --> 00:39:43,160 it exploded but not very good at 928 00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:45,350 constraining the mass so we rely on 929 00:39:50,650 --> 00:39:48,410 models for that and in general the core 930 00:39:53,110 --> 00:39:50,660 collapse supernovae will only happen for 931 00:39:56,230 --> 00:39:53,120 stars that are about 8 solar masses 932 00:39:58,270 --> 00:39:56,240 and and higher so start there it's got 933 00:39:59,950 --> 00:39:58,280 less than that right it's not less than 934 00:40:02,740 --> 00:39:59,960 that less than that you end up with 935 00:40:05,860 --> 00:40:02,750 white doors being formed stable white 936 00:40:09,190 --> 00:40:05,870 dwarves more than that you can get core 937 00:40:11,950 --> 00:40:09,200 collapse supernovae and and and so these 938 00:40:14,020 --> 00:40:11,960 stars are are typically because there 939 00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:14,030 are many more lower mass stars and high 940 00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:15,710 mass stars they're going to be typically 941 00:40:22,480 --> 00:40:19,970 10 to 15 solar masses in when they 942 00:40:28,840 --> 00:40:22,490 finally evolve to the point of exploding 943 00:40:31,540 --> 00:40:28,850 now yes it's not bad you know but still 944 00:40:33,940 --> 00:40:31,550 corresponds to a 300 times and a 500 945 00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:33,950 times a respective Li of the size of our 946 00:40:39,430 --> 00:40:36,110 own Sun so it's a pretty big star for 947 00:40:41,980 --> 00:40:39,440 sure it's a big star not that much more 948 00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:41,990 mass so in fact as Brad was saying you 949 00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:43,760 take a little bit of the Sun and you get 950 00:40:49,570 --> 00:40:46,910 like 3 3 grams because the kind of the 951 00:40:51,790 --> 00:40:49,580 average density of the Sun take it as a 952 00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:51,800 whole is on the order of the density of 953 00:40:58,750 --> 00:40:56,090 water but these stars are a few times 15 954 00:41:00,670 --> 00:40:58,760 times more massive than the Sun but you 955 00:41:03,010 --> 00:41:00,680 know a thousand times bigger so they're 956 00:41:08,140 --> 00:41:03,020 their average density is very very low 957 00:41:10,420 --> 00:41:08,150 it's you know it's air at the very edges 958 00:41:13,150 --> 00:41:10,430 a good question question for thank you 959 00:41:14,500 --> 00:41:13,160 so a stronger one USA I'm gonna ask this 960 00:41:16,180 --> 00:41:14,510 question even though I've read it 961 00:41:18,160 --> 00:41:16,190 several times I may ask you to clarify 962 00:41:19,090 --> 00:41:18,170 it because I'm not sure I understand 963 00:41:21,010 --> 00:41:19,100 what you mean I'm gonna say what I think 964 00:41:21,670 --> 00:41:21,020 you mean and if I'm wrong please comment 965 00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:21,680 on it 966 00:41:25,150 --> 00:41:23,510 she's asking do we have a way of 967 00:41:27,490 --> 00:41:25,160 including dark energy in our 968 00:41:29,290 --> 00:41:27,500 calculations of how far away a type 1a 969 00:41:31,390 --> 00:41:29,300 supernova is now type 1a are these 970 00:41:33,040 --> 00:41:31,400 standard candles where that they have we 971 00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:33,050 know their intrinsic brightness and by 972 00:41:36,490 --> 00:41:34,310 knowing their intrinsic brightness we 973 00:41:38,320 --> 00:41:36,500 can estimate their their distance based 974 00:41:40,360 --> 00:41:38,330 on that we can calculate their distance 975 00:41:43,750 --> 00:41:40,370 I think what she's asking is because the 976 00:41:45,430 --> 00:41:43,760 dark energy expanding of the universe 977 00:41:47,650 --> 00:41:45,440 during the time of the explosion perhaps 978 00:41:49,870 --> 00:41:47,660 do we have a way of compensating for the 979 00:41:52,630 --> 00:41:49,880 effects of dark energy I hope I asked 980 00:41:53,710 --> 00:41:52,640 that right astro girl 1 USA it doesn't 981 00:41:56,920 --> 00:41:53,720 make sense what I've asked you just now 982 00:41:59,950 --> 00:41:56,930 Peter and Brad well not not completely 983 00:42:02,830 --> 00:41:59,960 to me I you know I I think when we're 984 00:42:04,450 --> 00:42:02,840 talking about distant supernovae the 985 00:42:06,550 --> 00:42:04,460 light has to travel through the universe 986 00:42:09,160 --> 00:42:06,560 and then we need 987 00:42:10,450 --> 00:42:09,170 take into account dark energy to account 988 00:42:13,390 --> 00:42:10,460 for the exciting that's what she's 989 00:42:16,570 --> 00:42:13,400 asking so there would be an expansion of 990 00:42:19,420 --> 00:42:16,580 the universe with moves being annexed 991 00:42:20,740 --> 00:42:19,430 so I got that right okay so do we do 992 00:42:22,210 --> 00:42:20,750 that I mean I don't know that we know 993 00:42:23,500 --> 00:42:22,220 and I guess the Hubble constant comes 994 00:42:25,420 --> 00:42:23,510 into play that's this number that gives 995 00:42:28,510 --> 00:42:25,430 us the rate of expansion any given time 996 00:42:31,090 --> 00:42:28,520 in the universe do we apply these when 997 00:42:34,540 --> 00:42:31,100 you look at these 1.2 billion light year 998 00:42:38,110 --> 00:42:34,550 galaxies so 1.2 billion laser sounds 999 00:42:40,210 --> 00:42:38,120 like a very very far away galaxy really 1000 00:42:44,470 --> 00:42:40,220 girly when it comes to the cosmological 1001 00:42:47,230 --> 00:42:44,480 expansion and that the effects of dark 1002 00:42:50,530 --> 00:42:47,240 energy it's it's not that important so 1003 00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:50,540 yeah we're talking about is not an it's 1004 00:42:55,960 --> 00:42:53,210 not ideal right so dark energy was 1005 00:43:00,040 --> 00:42:55,970 discovered using supernovae at distances 1006 00:43:02,260 --> 00:43:00,050 of like five billion light years so a 1007 00:43:05,530 --> 00:43:02,270 billion light years is just a little too 1008 00:43:08,440 --> 00:43:05,540 close for for it to be an important a 1009 00:43:09,940 --> 00:43:08,450 part of the of the light that's a good 1010 00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:09,950 point by comparison the observable 1011 00:43:14,950 --> 00:43:11,810 universe is has a radius of forty 1012 00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:14,960 billion light years so so yeah I guess 1013 00:43:18,970 --> 00:43:16,610 you're right on that scale that's pretty 1014 00:43:21,160 --> 00:43:18,980 small dynamic universe on YouTube is 1015 00:43:23,230 --> 00:43:21,170 asking do they know why some stars about 1016 00:43:25,990 --> 00:43:23,240 the mass of the Sun puff the outer 1017 00:43:28,090 --> 00:43:26,000 layers like in the cat's eye nebula or 1018 00:43:31,630 --> 00:43:28,100 these the ring nebula which is another 1019 00:43:35,230 --> 00:43:31,640 famous one note from Scott better read 1020 00:43:36,970 --> 00:43:35,240 that one that's me yeah your head I was 1021 00:43:38,920 --> 00:43:36,980 just talking about since we just talked 1022 00:43:41,020 --> 00:43:38,930 about going right to white dwarf maybe 1023 00:43:42,780 --> 00:43:41,030 include the part where planetary nebula 1024 00:43:45,130 --> 00:43:42,790 is something it could happen with ours 1025 00:43:49,060 --> 00:43:45,140 okay so yeah so why don't we talk about 1026 00:43:51,130 --> 00:43:49,070 that why do some stars like our Sun just 1027 00:43:53,500 --> 00:43:51,140 shed its outer layer of gas and 1028 00:43:56,670 --> 00:43:53,510 essentially by comparison to a pretty 1029 00:44:01,870 --> 00:43:56,680 boring thing and other stars do this 1030 00:44:03,760 --> 00:44:01,880 Brad you got up early for this one train 1031 00:44:12,120 --> 00:44:03,770 your brain see this onion I don't know 1032 00:44:12,130 --> 00:44:17,170 the Sun is dead to me 1033 00:44:28,550 --> 00:44:20,780 Tony can't see the Sun either oh it's 1034 00:44:36,290 --> 00:44:28,560 it's just this now I just Scott I they 1035 00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:36,300 rarely see the Sun as it is okay I think 1036 00:44:40,520 --> 00:44:38,310 that's a good question it is all part of 1037 00:44:43,010 --> 00:44:40,530 this this uding using the fuel that as 1038 00:44:45,080 --> 00:44:43,020 you use the the first layers of feel the 1039 00:44:46,790 --> 00:44:45,090 hydrogen feel those layers get 1040 00:44:49,280 --> 00:44:46,800 eventually puffed out and then you go 1041 00:44:51,530 --> 00:44:49,290 through the heavier elements to helium 1042 00:44:52,520 --> 00:44:51,540 and then you do some carbon and oxygen 1043 00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:52,530 and oxygen 1044 00:44:56,210 --> 00:44:54,810 all of those slowly get puffed out now 1045 00:44:58,820 --> 00:44:56,220 in a smaller star like our Sun 1046 00:45:01,670 --> 00:44:58,830 eventually those things have just puffed 1047 00:45:04,940 --> 00:45:01,680 out over time and you're left with that 1048 00:45:08,150 --> 00:45:04,950 iron core that white dwarf which brought 1049 00:45:10,580 --> 00:45:08,160 it burns a little bit bright but burns 1050 00:45:13,790 --> 00:45:10,590 inside the star creating these not very 1051 00:45:15,860 --> 00:45:13,800 nice planetary nebulae whereas with 1052 00:45:19,580 --> 00:45:15,870 these these heavier stars that blow off 1053 00:45:22,340 --> 00:45:19,590 if they were not to collapse in on 1054 00:45:26,420 --> 00:45:22,350 themselves you would get great nebulae 1055 00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:26,430 you would get huge balls of this gas of 1056 00:45:29,870 --> 00:45:28,410 the hydrogen expanding and the helium 1057 00:45:33,740 --> 00:45:29,880 and all these other gases you would get 1058 00:45:36,050 --> 00:45:33,750 massive nebulae that would be fantastic 1059 00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:36,060 but the process you know gravity 1060 00:45:39,620 --> 00:45:38,610 ultimately wins gravity is heartless it 1061 00:45:42,320 --> 00:45:39,630 always wins 1062 00:45:45,920 --> 00:45:42,330 and so these stars collapse and so 1063 00:45:48,680 --> 00:45:45,930 before it gets to that phase it blows up 1064 00:45:50,510 --> 00:45:48,690 so in theory you could get a large star 1065 00:45:52,820 --> 00:45:50,520 that creates a planetary nebulae but 1066 00:45:54,710 --> 00:45:52,830 it's just unlikely to create such a 1067 00:45:56,300 --> 00:45:54,720 large one without collapsing well what 1068 00:45:58,190 --> 00:45:56,310 you get instead is more like what the 1069 00:46:00,620 --> 00:45:58,200 Crab Nebula is right you get more of a 1070 00:46:02,780 --> 00:46:00,630 nebula that was created from our core 1071 00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:02,790 that's what will create a slightly 1072 00:46:06,410 --> 00:46:04,410 different I mean those those dad's gas 1073 00:46:08,510 --> 00:46:06,420 layers will expand and you know 1074 00:46:10,460 --> 00:46:08,520 eventually those form the new stars 1075 00:46:12,650 --> 00:46:10,470 right you know that's it is that process 1076 00:46:14,360 --> 00:46:12,660 this is this this whole process of going 1077 00:46:16,520 --> 00:46:14,370 on and I always like to stress the 1078 00:46:18,650 --> 00:46:16,530 universe is good at recycling right yeah 1079 00:46:18,650 --> 00:46:18,660 exactly 1080 00:46:24,410 --> 00:46:22,250 yes the trick yeah look at that if you 1081 00:46:27,710 --> 00:46:24,420 look at the Crab Nebula the velocities 1082 00:46:28,960 --> 00:46:27,720 of that are much much higher than in a 1083 00:46:32,950 --> 00:46:28,970 planetary nebula 1084 00:46:34,839 --> 00:46:32,960 the crabby above- of the result of an 1085 00:46:38,050 --> 00:46:34,849 explosion as a core collapse supernova 1086 00:46:40,599 --> 00:46:38,060 there they're like twenty thousand ten 1087 00:46:43,870 --> 00:46:40,609 thousand kilometers per second well when 1088 00:46:46,300 --> 00:46:43,880 you look at a planetary nebula coming 1089 00:46:48,970 --> 00:46:46,310 from a lower mass star the velocities 1090 00:46:51,970 --> 00:46:48,980 are much lower it's ten kilometers per 1091 00:46:55,690 --> 00:46:51,980 second this is a much gentle gentle er 1092 00:46:57,460 --> 00:46:55,700 poof as as Brad was saying of gas going 1093 00:47:00,520 --> 00:46:57,470 off of this this star that will 1094 00:47:03,309 --> 00:47:00,530 eventually become a white dwarf so they 1095 00:47:04,750 --> 00:47:03,319 kind of look different but you know the 1096 00:47:08,079 --> 00:47:04,760 physics is very different with the 1097 00:47:11,260 --> 00:47:08,089 velocities and that's in the gas 1098 00:47:12,339 --> 00:47:11,270 expansion okay great point so I'm gonna 1099 00:47:14,020 --> 00:47:12,349 read this question but I'm going to 1100 00:47:16,210 --> 00:47:14,030 expand it just a little bit because it's 1101 00:47:18,370 --> 00:47:16,220 a really good one and through Parian is 1102 00:47:20,740 --> 00:47:18,380 asking about whether Betelgeuse when it 1103 00:47:23,770 --> 00:47:20,750 goes would it make LIGO wobble and I'm 1104 00:47:27,730 --> 00:47:23,780 going to expand that to say do super 1105 00:47:32,710 --> 00:47:27,740 novae create gravitational waves that's 1106 00:47:35,079 --> 00:47:32,720 a great question and I think that in 1107 00:47:36,940 --> 00:47:35,089 theory they do that this this huge 1108 00:47:38,950 --> 00:47:36,950 change in gravity as you're gonna 1109 00:47:41,800 --> 00:47:38,960 collapse from something the size of the 1110 00:47:44,710 --> 00:47:41,810 earth to ten kilometers down and a 1111 00:47:46,770 --> 00:47:44,720 neutron star you expect a large amount 1112 00:47:49,930 --> 00:47:46,780 of gravitational waves to be emitted 1113 00:47:56,140 --> 00:47:49,940 whether or not Lego will detect that as 1114 00:47:58,630 --> 00:47:56,150 another question so I I think that what 1115 00:48:01,140 --> 00:47:58,640 they've seen already with the merger of 1116 00:48:03,990 --> 00:48:01,150 black holes is something they're kind of 1117 00:48:05,859 --> 00:48:04,000 very tuned for it it produces 1118 00:48:10,089 --> 00:48:05,869 wavelengths of gravitational radiation 1119 00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:10,099 that are fairly narrow and and then it 1120 00:48:15,220 --> 00:48:13,010 gets as they merge it gets higher and 1121 00:48:17,890 --> 00:48:15,230 higher frequency but a very narrow range 1122 00:48:22,079 --> 00:48:17,900 of frequencies think of a supernova 1123 00:48:24,819 --> 00:48:22,089 explosion as more like I know throwing 1124 00:48:28,950 --> 00:48:24,829 spaghetti against the wall you're going 1125 00:48:31,900 --> 00:48:28,960 to get a whole range a whole range of 1126 00:48:33,880 --> 00:48:31,910 frequencies of gravitational radiation 1127 00:48:36,460 --> 00:48:33,890 and that's going to make it actually 1128 00:48:39,430 --> 00:48:36,470 harder to detect than the narrow range 1129 00:48:42,270 --> 00:48:39,440 of frequencies we saw with the black 1130 00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:44,770 but-but-but built on that there is a 1131 00:48:48,970 --> 00:48:46,610 there's a recent study from a friend of 1132 00:48:50,050 --> 00:48:48,980 a colleague of mine who with the 1133 00:48:52,570 --> 00:48:50,060 discovery of gravitational waves 1134 00:48:54,280 --> 00:48:52,580 calculated what a type 1a supernova 1135 00:48:56,830 --> 00:48:54,290 would do for gravitational waves because 1136 00:48:59,410 --> 00:48:56,840 there we believe it's some in some cases 1137 00:49:00,640 --> 00:48:59,420 two white dwarfs that come together to 1138 00:49:02,920 --> 00:49:00,650 blow up and this is something our 1139 00:49:05,140 --> 00:49:02,930 previous Kepler study showed and what 1140 00:49:06,850 --> 00:49:05,150 they saw is not that LIGO would be able 1141 00:49:10,600 --> 00:49:06,860 to see it but the next generation of 1142 00:49:13,210 --> 00:49:10,610 gravitational waves a close enough star 1143 00:49:16,420 --> 00:49:13,220 in a type 1a supernova so kind of within 1144 00:49:19,120 --> 00:49:16,430 our local neighborhood could be detected 1145 00:49:21,730 --> 00:49:19,130 by gravitational waves from a type 1a 1146 00:49:23,920 --> 00:49:21,740 thermonuclear supernova so it gives us 1147 00:49:25,690 --> 00:49:23,930 another way to look for these things you 1148 00:49:27,370 --> 00:49:25,700 know I'm looking for the day we can see 1149 00:49:29,170 --> 00:49:27,380 the neutrinos the gravitational waves 1150 00:49:31,270 --> 00:49:29,180 and the shockwave all from the same 1151 00:49:36,910 --> 00:49:31,280 explosion you just don't need much to 1152 00:49:38,710 --> 00:49:36,920 you so yeah that would be please okay so 1153 00:49:41,620 --> 00:49:38,720 gravitational waves two neutrinos the 1154 00:49:46,210 --> 00:49:41,630 whole gambit yeah it's from Twitter at 1155 00:49:49,270 --> 00:49:46,220 tra hall a TDR TRW well nevermind it so 1156 00:49:50,560 --> 00:49:49,280 I can't pronounce it he's asking what 1157 00:49:53,470 --> 00:49:50,570 does this data mean for our 1158 00:49:55,750 --> 00:49:53,480 understanding of black holes I mean can 1159 00:49:57,210 --> 00:49:55,760 you go through Kepler data and do that 1160 00:49:59,950 --> 00:49:57,220 doing an analysis for maybe 1161 00:50:01,420 --> 00:49:59,960 understanding black holes at all because 1162 00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:01,430 you've already done some core collapse 1163 00:50:09,280 --> 00:50:07,010 stuff so my my feeling is that we you 1164 00:50:14,140 --> 00:50:09,290 know we we could do that if we had many 1165 00:50:16,060 --> 00:50:14,150 many supernovae in the data set but with 1166 00:50:18,670 --> 00:50:16,070 the handful of supernovae that we have 1167 00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:18,680 most of them are going to be producing 1168 00:50:24,310 --> 00:50:20,510 they're mostly going to be lower mass 1169 00:50:28,750 --> 00:50:24,320 stars so a solar masses 215 solar masses 1170 00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:28,760 and generating neutron stars to have a 1171 00:50:33,850 --> 00:50:30,710 chance of seeing stars that produce the 1172 00:50:38,050 --> 00:50:33,860 black holes I think because those stars 1173 00:50:41,440 --> 00:50:38,060 are more rare those massive 30 50 solar 1174 00:50:44,860 --> 00:50:41,450 mass stars I think we're going to need a 1175 00:50:47,260 --> 00:50:44,870 much larger data set of Kepler supernova 1176 00:50:50,920 --> 00:50:47,270 this is kind of where k2 comes and we 1177 00:50:54,040 --> 00:50:50,930 have been looking at supernovae with k2 1178 00:50:57,220 --> 00:50:54,050 and we have several new supernovae 1179 00:50:58,960 --> 00:50:57,230 in that dataset and and so you know if 1180 00:51:01,540 --> 00:50:58,970 we could continue with that that would 1181 00:51:02,680 --> 00:51:01,550 be that would be great well since you 1182 00:51:05,109 --> 00:51:02,690 brought that up I want to go ahead and 1183 00:51:07,390 --> 00:51:05,119 cover you're a part of a group it says 1184 00:51:10,540 --> 00:51:07,400 here that is called the Keppler extra 1185 00:51:15,310 --> 00:51:10,550 galactic survey or and this is one of 1186 00:51:18,760 --> 00:51:15,320 the coolest acronyms ever Keggs rad come 1187 00:51:38,080 --> 00:51:18,770 up with that yeah you're the co I'm not 1188 00:51:39,460 --> 00:51:38,090 surprised that's right so tell us a 1189 00:51:41,320 --> 00:51:39,470 little bit about that what are you guys 1190 00:51:44,770 --> 00:51:41,330 doing at kegs besides looking for five 1191 00:51:47,020 --> 00:51:44,780 o'clock and is this an extension and 1192 00:51:48,880 --> 00:51:47,030 that you know Kepler has been expanded 1193 00:51:52,870 --> 00:51:48,890 to do looking in other parts of the sky 1194 00:51:55,480 --> 00:51:52,880 now so tell us what about kegs so you 1195 00:51:57,580 --> 00:51:55,490 know as Peter said originally Peter and 1196 00:52:00,640 --> 00:51:57,590 I had this 100 galaxies were monitoring 1197 00:52:02,410 --> 00:52:00,650 and then we met these uh the guys from 1198 00:52:03,700 --> 00:52:02,420 Maryland who were doing a few hundred 1199 00:52:05,980 --> 00:52:03,710 galaxies and that's how we did these 1200 00:52:07,270 --> 00:52:05,990 originally with Kepler so we said hey 1201 00:52:09,250 --> 00:52:07,280 it'd be great me both want the same 1202 00:52:12,430 --> 00:52:09,260 things we both want to study galaxies 1203 00:52:14,440 --> 00:52:12,440 why don't we do this with k2o and it's 1204 00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:14,450 actually formed an integral part of k2 1205 00:52:20,080 --> 00:52:16,910 and it's actually very beneficial to k2 1206 00:52:21,760 --> 00:52:20,090 so as you said Kepler stared at the same 1207 00:52:25,260 --> 00:52:21,770 patch of sky for about five years in 1208 00:52:27,760 --> 00:52:25,270 about Cygnus now because of the 1209 00:52:30,460 --> 00:52:27,770 partially broken wheels that forced 1210 00:52:33,070 --> 00:52:30,470 Kepler to point it changes fields every 1211 00:52:34,810 --> 00:52:33,080 85 days and so it looks along the 1212 00:52:38,950 --> 00:52:34,820 ecliptic along the plane of the solar 1213 00:52:41,170 --> 00:52:38,960 system and what happens is every 85 days 1214 00:52:42,640 --> 00:52:41,180 it looks towards the Milky Way so 1215 00:52:44,830 --> 00:52:42,650 towards the Milky Way where there's lots 1216 00:52:47,230 --> 00:52:44,840 of stars to look for stellar 1217 00:52:49,480 --> 00:52:47,240 astrophysics planets but then it looks 1218 00:52:51,580 --> 00:52:49,490 the other 85 days it rotates and it 1219 00:52:53,410 --> 00:52:51,590 looks away from the Milky Way where 1220 00:52:55,300 --> 00:52:53,420 there's not a lot of stars but when you 1221 00:52:58,359 --> 00:52:55,310 look away from the Milky Way you look 1222 00:53:01,060 --> 00:52:58,369 and see lots of galaxies so roughly 1223 00:53:03,880 --> 00:53:01,070 every other field is what we call a 1224 00:53:07,810 --> 00:53:03,890 Keggs field so it's every hour of their 1225 00:53:10,510 --> 00:53:07,820 85 days we monitor about 3,000 1226 00:53:12,520 --> 00:53:10,520 Galaxy so instead of 500 were monitoring 1227 00:53:15,970 --> 00:53:12,530 thousands of galaxies to find this 1228 00:53:19,510 --> 00:53:15,980 because of the power of k2 and Kepler so 1229 00:53:24,160 --> 00:53:19,520 to date we've monitored nearly 22,000 1230 00:53:26,260 --> 00:53:24,170 galaxies with k2 and we found a number 1231 00:53:29,230 --> 00:53:26,270 of supernovae were we're racking up 1232 00:53:31,510 --> 00:53:29,240 supernova fast faster than we can we can 1233 00:53:33,310 --> 00:53:31,520 think about and we have we're in the 1234 00:53:34,690 --> 00:53:33,320 process of working on lots of cool new 1235 00:53:37,900 --> 00:53:34,700 discoveries that you know we hope to 1236 00:53:41,080 --> 00:53:37,910 talk about and maybe future hangouts and 1237 00:53:44,080 --> 00:53:41,090 it's because of this this of this power 1238 00:53:46,630 --> 00:53:44,090 of continuously monitoring we can probe 1239 00:53:49,330 --> 00:53:46,640 these other things so you really do have 1240 00:53:55,840 --> 00:53:49,340 more data on supernovae then I mean you 1241 00:53:58,630 --> 00:53:55,850 guys rock we did we we we have that's 1242 00:53:59,800 --> 00:53:58,640 amazing we're blowing everything out of 1243 00:54:02,110 --> 00:53:59,810 the water and it's quite interesting 1244 00:54:07,020 --> 00:54:02,120 Kepler start as a planetary mission but 1245 00:54:12,910 --> 00:54:11,500 you know imagine you know I know it's 1246 00:54:14,500 --> 00:54:12,920 really been really really remarkable 1247 00:54:16,120 --> 00:54:14,510 well I got a couple more personal needs 1248 00:54:19,660 --> 00:54:16,130 over at a time we only have a few more 1249 00:54:22,570 --> 00:54:19,670 minutes at Joel Edwards is asking about 1250 00:54:27,040 --> 00:54:22,580 V Y Canis Majoris one of our favorite 1251 00:54:29,260 --> 00:54:27,050 hyper Nobby candidates we need this is a 1252 00:54:30,700 --> 00:54:29,270 very very large star and when it does go 1253 00:54:38,290 --> 00:54:30,710 will it leave a black hole or a neutron 1254 00:54:44,680 --> 00:54:38,300 star while you're at it you got two 1255 00:54:50,610 --> 00:54:47,650 we believe that obviously large storms 1256 00:54:53,440 --> 00:54:50,620 like V Y Canis Major could be you know a 1257 00:54:55,450 --> 00:54:53,450 class called luminous blue variable and 1258 00:54:57,220 --> 00:54:55,460 these are stars that actually have 1259 00:54:59,800 --> 00:54:57,230 fooled us into previous supernova 1260 00:55:02,110 --> 00:54:59,810 explosions and so when we say really 1261 00:55:04,690 --> 00:55:02,120 hypernova we just mean a big supernova 1262 00:55:06,940 --> 00:55:04,700 and as Peter pointed out the larger 1263 00:55:08,650 --> 00:55:06,950 stars on we do believe create black 1264 00:55:10,690 --> 00:55:08,660 holes there's even a new theory that 1265 00:55:12,640 --> 00:55:10,700 with the very earliest stars that are a 1266 00:55:13,720 --> 00:55:12,650 couple thousand solar masses we could 1267 00:55:15,970 --> 00:55:13,730 see this with the James Webb Space 1268 00:55:19,060 --> 00:55:15,980 Telescope and in fact we can get a 1269 00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:19,070 supernova that is 50,000 times the mass 1270 00:55:24,220 --> 00:55:21,410 of our Sun so we are looking we 1271 00:55:26,560 --> 00:55:24,230 we'll look for those things but you know 1272 00:55:28,930 --> 00:55:26,570 in hypernova it's essentially the same 1273 00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:28,940 kind of gamut we now have a new class of 1274 00:55:33,100 --> 00:55:30,410 supernovae called superluminous 1275 00:55:35,200 --> 00:55:33,110 supernova and very apt description oh 1276 00:55:40,660 --> 00:55:35,210 we're talking about we see something and 1277 00:55:42,640 --> 00:55:40,670 we just call it what we see it it's 1278 00:55:45,040 --> 00:55:42,650 these are orders of magnitude brighter 1279 00:55:47,140 --> 00:55:45,050 than our current supernovae that we kind 1280 00:55:49,030 --> 00:55:47,150 of came out of nowhere so you know we'll 1281 00:55:53,050 --> 00:55:49,040 probably have hyper superluminous 1282 00:55:54,940 --> 00:55:53,060 supernova in the near future believe 1283 00:55:57,250 --> 00:55:54,950 these are a couple hundred solar mass 1284 00:55:59,920 --> 00:55:57,260 stars that explode so we do believe if 1285 00:56:01,630 --> 00:55:59,930 it blows up it it would create it and it 1286 00:56:07,780 --> 00:56:01,640 would probably create a black hole the 1287 00:56:10,150 --> 00:56:07,790 size we don't know in celebration of 1288 00:56:12,310 --> 00:56:10,160 spring and baseball where we're batting 1289 00:56:18,840 --> 00:56:12,320 a thousand with people who want Jacob 1290 00:56:28,360 --> 00:56:26,020 Moray just the universe which are very 1291 00:56:30,760 --> 00:56:28,370 hot and large and they burn very bright 1292 00:56:32,590 --> 00:56:30,770 and not for very long so interesting 1293 00:56:35,470 --> 00:56:32,600 stars so one more one more comment here 1294 00:56:37,870 --> 00:56:35,480 Christopher Patterson is asking how come 1295 00:56:39,790 --> 00:56:37,880 the core collapse of a type 2 supernova 1296 00:56:41,920 --> 00:56:39,800 is so sudden why don't we see a more 1297 00:56:44,290 --> 00:56:41,930 gradual collapse as the star burns less 1298 00:56:45,970 --> 00:56:44,300 and less fuel and the iron starts to 1299 00:56:48,580 --> 00:56:45,980 pile up that's a good question how come 1300 00:56:51,490 --> 00:56:48,590 it happen so fast it is a good question 1301 00:56:55,270 --> 00:56:51,500 and and I just I've been talking to this 1302 00:56:58,080 --> 00:56:55,280 about my to my students now and it is 1303 00:57:01,960 --> 00:56:58,090 it's funny that the hydrogen burns two 1304 00:57:04,090 --> 00:57:01,970 fuses the helium and this takes a long 1305 00:57:06,550 --> 00:57:04,100 time and then that every step actually 1306 00:57:10,890 --> 00:57:06,560 takes shorter and shorter so the fusion 1307 00:57:15,190 --> 00:57:10,900 to from silicon iron actually takes a 1308 00:57:17,980 --> 00:57:15,200 less than a day and as you build up this 1309 00:57:21,250 --> 00:57:17,990 iron core it's actually supported by the 1310 00:57:23,020 --> 00:57:21,260 same thing that supports white dwarf 1311 00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:23,030 stars it's called electron degeneracy 1312 00:57:27,010 --> 00:57:25,310 it's a quantum mechanical effect that 1313 00:57:28,330 --> 00:57:27,020 that electrons don't like to get too 1314 00:57:31,300 --> 00:57:28,340 close together and they produce a 1315 00:57:35,030 --> 00:57:31,310 pressure but once that iron core reaches 1316 00:57:37,250 --> 00:57:35,040 a size of around 1.4 solar masses 1317 00:57:39,410 --> 00:57:37,260 that that pressure can't hold it up 1318 00:57:42,860 --> 00:57:39,420 anymore and it collapses down in a very 1319 00:57:45,770 --> 00:57:42,870 sudden collapse and and produces all of 1320 00:57:47,960 --> 00:57:45,780 us this the neutrinos and and and the 1321 00:57:51,470 --> 00:57:47,970 bounce and and everything that we see so 1322 00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:51,480 it it is a very quick thing that happens 1323 00:57:56,180 --> 00:57:53,910 and and that's probably why we get the 1324 00:57:59,660 --> 00:57:56,190 the explosions that we see is it really 1325 00:58:02,360 --> 00:57:59,670 needs to be quite fast to explode the 1326 00:58:04,490 --> 00:58:02,370 stars all right well this is Grayson on 1327 00:58:07,490 --> 00:58:04,500 well thank you very much and this has 1328 00:58:10,910 --> 00:58:07,500 been a really great great yeah I want to 1329 00:58:12,620 --> 00:58:10,920 thank you both for taking the time your 1330 00:58:17,180 --> 00:58:12,630 discovery so when you get more supernova 1331 00:58:19,670 --> 00:58:17,190 data will you come back you bet they'll 1332 00:58:24,980 --> 00:58:19,680 give you a hard time but not I just want 1333 00:58:26,300 --> 00:58:24,990 to make sure we're still gonna make you 1334 00:58:28,430 --> 00:58:26,310 and I have known each other a long time 1335 00:58:29,930 --> 00:58:28,440 so you know that we will neutrally make 1336 00:58:31,370 --> 00:58:29,940 fun of each other so there's even things 1337 00:58:38,860 --> 00:58:31,380 out we need to do it at 4:00 in the 1338 00:58:41,690 --> 00:58:38,870 morning let's not forget the kegs 1339 00:58:43,670 --> 00:58:41,700 toriana I'll just stay up because it'll 1340 00:58:45,400 --> 00:58:43,680 be 1 a.m. here I'll just stay up all 1341 00:58:49,910 --> 00:58:45,410 night yeah good idea 1342 00:58:52,010 --> 00:58:49,920 absolutely okay thank you really enjoyed 1343 00:58:53,750 --> 00:58:52,020 it thank you so that is the end of this 1344 00:58:55,220 --> 00:58:53,760 one and we want to I think Carol we've 1345 00:59:01,310 --> 00:58:55,230 got a couple lined up now don't wait 1346 00:59:06,490 --> 00:59:01,320 what do we have okay Hubble's fans you 1347 00:59:11,210 --> 00:59:06,500 know what your kids the anniversary 1348 00:59:12,800 --> 00:59:11,220 about the anniversary every so we'll 1349 00:59:14,990 --> 00:59:12,810 have the Hubble anniversary and we'll 1350 00:59:17,630 --> 00:59:15,000 talk about that and we will have maybe 1351 00:59:19,940 --> 00:59:17,640 something nice to look at to discuss 1352 00:59:22,190 --> 00:59:19,950 that awesome great so that'll be next 1353 00:59:24,380 --> 00:59:22,200 weekend yeah you'd have these 1354 00:59:26,930 --> 00:59:24,390 anniversaries is something odd like 26 1355 00:59:29,480 --> 00:59:26,940 and a half anniversary you know that'll 1356 00:59:32,230 --> 00:59:29,490 be you can do that what I can be that 1357 00:59:44,660 --> 00:59:32,240 girlfriend for Hubble like oh it's our 1358 00:59:48,559 --> 00:59:44,670 26th quarter month no I think okay 1359 00:59:53,539 --> 00:59:50,839 Peter thank you very much Peter gonna 1360 00:59:56,569 --> 00:59:53,549 from the from Notre Dame and Brad 1361 01:00:00,620 --> 00:59:56,579 Tucker thank you both very much thank 1362 01:00:02,900 --> 01:00:00,630 you so much we will see folks next week 1363 01:00:05,059 --> 01:00:02,910 same couple time same channel same 1364 01:00:07,189 --> 01:00:05,069 everything so we will talk to you next